菊科植物化感作用研究进展

Advances of research on allelopathic potential in compositae

对菊科植物化感作用的研究进展进行了综述。菊科植物中至少有 39个属存在化感作用 ,特别是一枝黄花属、向日葵属、胜红蓟属、银胶菊属、蒿属植物等有较多的研究报道。鉴定出的化感物质多为萜类、聚乙炔类、酚类、有机酸类等 ,这些化感物质对多种受体植物表现出程度不同的抑制或促进的效应。其化感作用机理表现在破坏受体膜系统的稳定性及水分平衡关系、抑制氧化磷酸化、促进或阻滞叶绿素的合成、影响矿质元素的吸收利用等。并对菊科植物化感物质在植物生长调节剂、天然除草剂和生物杀虫剂 ,或人工合成除草剂和杀虫剂上应用的前景进行了探讨。本文显示菊科植物的化感作用将在控制外来恶性杂草及维护生态平衡上扮演重要的角色。在当前菊科植物化感作用研究的基础上 ,提出了进一步研究的 6个方向 :(1)化感物质的生物合成途径与关键酶的特性研究 ;(2 )具化感潜势物种资源的调查评价及利用研究 ;(3)化感作用在自然生态系统中的演变规律 ;(4 )菊科重要作物自毒的生化机制及克服途径 ;(5 )具应用前景的菊科植物化感关键酶的基因克隆和转基因 ,并对受体植物基因的表达与调控进行研究 ;(6 )化感作用在可持续发展农业应用上的研究与开发 。

Recent advances on allelopathic potential of different genera and species belonging to Compositae family were reviewed. Allelopathic potential had been confirmed in more than 39 genera and many different species of Compositae, especially in Solidago, Helianthus, Ageratum, Parthenium, Artemisia. The allelochemicals identified from different parts of Compositae plant included mainly terpenoids, polyacetylenes, phenolics, organic acids, which inhibited or stimulated the growth of certain treated plants. Their possible mechanisms of the action were discussed, including damage to cell membrane stability and disturbance of plant-water relationships in hibition of the oxidative phosphorylation, promotion or retardarce of chlorophyll synthesis, influence upon absorbance and utilization of mineral elements. Prospects the using some allelochemicals as plant growth regulators, natural herbicides, pesticides or leads for a synthetic herbicides and pesticides were discussed. It was expected the allelopathic potential of Compositae families might play an important role in the biocontrol of the overspread of exotic weed and maintenance of ecosystem balances. Based on current progress, allelopathic research trends in Compositae plant in the future would focused as following (1) approach of biochemistry synthesize pathways and the key enzymes of allelochemicals; (2) investigation and evaluation of compositae germplasm of allelopathic potential; (3) evolvement of allelopathy in natural ecosystem; (4) biochemistry mechanisms of autotoxicity and the strategies to overcome in some important species; (5) gene clone encoding the key enzymes of allelochemicals, further transgenes and the study of the gene expression in target species; and (6) research and application for allelopathy in sustainable developmental agriculture, especially as natural herbicide and pesticide models.