西藏高原湿地生态系统特征及其保护对策

The Characteristics and Conservational Measures of Wetlands Ecosystem in Tibet

湿地是地球上具有多种功能的、独特的生态系统,西藏拥有我国特有的大面积高海拔湿地生态系统。西藏高原湿地包括自然湿地和人工湿地两大类型,湿地总面积为3 126 253.33hm2,占全区土地总面积的2.59％。西藏湿地生态系统的主要特点是湿地类型丰富,天然湿地面积大,占湿地总面积的99.09％,天然湿地又以湖泊型湿地和河流型湿地为主,分别占全区湿地面积的82.36％和14.71％;湿地分布广但不平衡;湿地生物多样性丰富。西藏高原湿地生态系统的脆弱性主要表现在湖泊水位下降、湖泊面积萎缩,河流径流量呈减少趋势,沼泽湿地退化等方面。鉴于高原湿地生态功能的重要性,作者提出了加强西藏高原湿地生态系统的保护对策。

Wetlands are a special ecosystem with various ecological functions on earth. There are rich plateau wetlands ecosystems in Tibet which is endemic to China. Wetlands in Tibet plateau include natural and artificial ones. The total area of wetlands is about 3126253.33hm , accounting for 2.59% of total area, among which there are 3097653.33 hm2 of natural wetlands and 28600 hm2 of artificial wetlands, accounting for 99.09% and 0.91% of total area respectively. Lake wetland and river wetland are two main types, accounting for 82.36% and 14.71% of total wetlands area. The wetlands in Tibet plateau have such characteristics as various wetlands types, wide distribution but uneven and abundant biodiversity. The frangibility of wetlands ecosystem include lake water level lowering, lessening of stream flow, lake shrinking, degradation of swamp wetland, and so on. Due to importance of wetlands ecosystem in Tibet, its countermeasures of conservation is put forward in this article.