客观诚信与主观诚信的对立统一问题——以罗马法为中心

The Opposition and Unity Between Objective and Subjective Good Faith——Based Mainly on Roman Law

本文力图揭示客观诚信与主观诚信在罗马法和现代各国民法典中的对立统一 ,并运用社会契约论解释了两种诚信之统一的前提。本文证明 ,罗马法史上最早的诚信都是客观的 ,到了古典时期 ,诚信才分叉为客观和主观两个方面 ,分别在诉讼和物权两个领域发挥作用。罗马人的诚信观念具有宗教起源以及斯多亚哲学的世俗起源。在古罗马的诉讼制度中 ,现代诚信原则的裁判诚信功能不仅由诚信诉讼承担 ,而且由许多制度承担 ,由此可见 ,现代诚信原则是多源产生的。本文还揭示了诚信诉讼便利当事人诉讼、方便法院办案、降低诉讼成本的功能 ,并基于主客观诚信统一的立场 ,就设计未来中国民法典中的诚信条款提出了建议。

This paper tries to reveal the opposition and unity between objective and subjective good faith in Roman law and the present civil code of different states and to explain, with the theory of social contract, the preconditions for the unity between objective and subjective good faith. The paper proves that the good faith in the earliest stage of the history of Roman law was all objective: only in the classical period was it divided into objective and subjective, playing their role respectively in legal proceedings and real right. The Roman peoples ideas of good faith had both religious and secular origins. The paper also demonstrates the positive effects of bona fide litigation in many aspects and puts forward some suggestions for bona fide provisions in Chinas civil code based on the principle of opposition and unity between objective and subjective good faith.