中国外来入侵物种的分布与传入路径分析

The distribution and introduction pathway of alien invasive species in China

外来物种入侵已成为全球性的环境问题。本文采用文献调研、实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式 ,调查了全国陆生、淡水水生生态系统中外来入侵微生物、无脊椎动物、两栖爬行类、鱼类、鸟类、哺乳类、杂草、树木和海洋生态系统中外来入侵物种的种类及分类地位、起源、引入路径和环境影响等内容。查明我国共有 2 83种外来入侵物种 ,其中外来入侵微生物、水生植物、陆生植物、水生无脊椎动物、陆生无脊椎动物、两栖爬行类、鱼类、哺乳类分别为 19种、18种、170种、2 5种、33种、3种、10种和 5种 ;来源于美洲、欧洲、亚洲、非洲、大洋洲的外来入侵物种分别占 5 5 .1%、2 1.7%、9.9%、8.1%和 0 .6 %。我国对外来物种的引进存在一定程度的盲目性 :5 0 .0 %的外来入侵植物是作为牧草或饲料、观赏植物、纤维植物、药用植物、蔬菜、草坪植物而引进的 ;2 5 %的外来入侵动物是用于养殖、观赏、生物防治的引种。对外来物种只重引进、疏于管理 ,也可能导致外来物种逃逸到自然环境中 ,造成潜在的环境灾害。此外 ,在检疫方面也存在很多薄弱环节 ,所有外来入侵微生物是随引进的原木、幼树、苗木、花钵、土壤而无意传入的 ;76 .3%的外来入侵动物是由于检查不严 ,随贸易物品或运输工具传入我国的。因此 。

Alien invasive species have become a serious environmental issue throughout the world. It is necessary to launch a nationwide investigation on alien invasive species, so as to obtain baseline data, identify causes of invasion, and put forward effective control strategies and measures. Data on classification, origin, pathway and environmental impacts of alien invasive micro-organisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, weeds, trees in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and alien invasive species in marine ecosystems of China were analyzed, based on literature research, field survey and consultation. 283 alien invasive species have been identified in China, and the number of species of alien invasive micro-organisms, aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, and mammals were 19, 18, 170, 25, 33, 3, 10, and 5, respectively. The proportion of alien invasive species originating from America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania were 55.1%, 21.7%, 9.9%, 8.1% and 0.6%, respectively. Many institutions and individuals in China lack adequate knowledge of ecological and environmental consequences caused by alien invasive species, with some blindness in the introduction of alien species. For instance, 50.0% of alien invasive plants were intentionally introduced as pasture, feed stock, ornamental plants, textile plants, medicinal plants, vegetables, or lawn plants. 25% of alien invasive animals were intentionally introduced for cultivation, recreation, or biological control. In addition, much effort has been made on introduction of alien species, and little attention has been paid to the management of introduced alien species, which may allow their escape into natural environments and potential threats to the environment. There are also gaps in the quarantine system in China. All invasive micro-organisms were unintentionally introduced, through timber, seedlings, flowerpots, or soil. 76.3% of alien invasive animals invaded through commodity or transportation facilities because of the failure of quarantine. It is recommended that quarantine measures should be strictly implemented. At the same time, the intentional introduction of alien species should be strictly managed and a system of risk assessment should be implemented.