现代汉语同形同音词与多义词的区分原则和方法

The Principles and Methods for Distinguishing Perfect Homonyms from Polysemes in Modern Chinese

符淮青(1985)提出应从“词源”和“现时语感”两个角度观察同形同音词与多义词的词义联系,实际上为现代汉语同形同音词和多义词的区分确立了“历时-共时”双重限定的基本原则。本文认为,为能准确鉴别词语有无词源上和(或)现时的意义联系,还必须有一套切当可行的分析方法,不能仅仅依凭分析者的主观感觉加以定夺。本文结合《现代汉语词典》单音节同形同音词分立的得失,重点讨论区分现代汉语同形同音词与多义词的4种方法:义素分析法、词源考索法、引申义列梳理法、相关比较法。

Fu Huaiqing (1985) established a basic synchronic-diachronic guideline to distinguish perfect homonyms from polysemes when he proposed to observe the semantic relations of the two in terms of etymology and actual linguistic intuition. This paper argues that the etymological relations among words and/or their synchronic semantic relations cannot be determined only by the subjective intuition of an analyst, and that there should be a set of feasible methods of analysis. The author discusses four methods to distinguish perfect homonyms from polysemes in modern Chinese, with reference to the advantages and disadvantages of listing monosyllabic homonyms as seperate entries in The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary. The four methods differ in applicability and efficacy and in many cases they should be used in combination.