结构与意义的接口——语用因素

Pragmatic Factors:the Interface Between Form and Meaning

结构意义和语义意义的研究往往局限于小句,所研究的意义是"真空"的,具有不完备性.本文认为意义涉及语言的各个层面,如韵律意义、句法意义、篇章意义,还有语言的命题意义、社会意义、情景意义、感情意义、态度意义等.这种多维性的产生是由语境导致的.语境包括情景语境、社会语境和文化语境.情景语境指语言涉及的人、事、物、时、地、因;社会语境指语言使用者的社会地位和权势关系;文化语境指通过语言反映出的社会规约和价值观念.意义通过语境而产生、因语境而增殖.语境是语用因素,是结构和意义的接口.

Traditional structural meaning and semantic meaning are centered round the clause level, thus these kinds of meaning are 'vacuum' and lack of wholeness. This paper holds that meaning has its multiple levels, such as prosodic meaning, grammatical meaning, textual meaning, as well as prepositional meaning, social meaning, situational meaning, affective meaning, attitudinal meaning, to name just a few. This multiplicity is caused by context: situational context, social context and cultural context. The situational context involves people, things, events, time, place, and cause. The social context refers to social status and power. The cultural context refers to social norms and value. Meaning is proliferated through these contexts, which are pragmatic factors. They play the role of the interface between the form and meaning.