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川西草地的传统利用——关于游牧的辩驳 被引量:18

Traditional Utilization of Rangelands in Western Sichuan——Disputation on Pastoral Nomadism
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摘要 自然资源的不断减少和生态环境的日趋退化,使人们开始从各种角度思考人类发展的长期可持续性,但当追求可持续发展时,自然资源保护本身与相关乡土知识系统的保护具有同等重要的地位。综合各学派观点,界定了游牧、半游牧、山地季节性畜牧业和混农季节性牧业等几个与川西草地畜牧业密切相关的概念,描述了游牧现象在全世界的地理分布和川西地区存在的主要类型,并对其生态内核进行了剖析。研究认为,移动型草地畜牧业是川西藏族牧民对高寒地区环境异质性的适应,是在可持续的框架下利用时间和空间差异对草地进行最大限度利用的生态对策。同时,在牧区普遍存在的以牲畜头数论贫富的表象之下,其本身也是适应高寒地区气候条件非规律性变化的保险策略,类似于动物所采取的"r-对策"。因此,对于牧区的发展来说,深刻地理解游牧体系的传统知识,并将其结合于现代发展规划中,是保证高寒牧区走可持续道路的必要基础。 Evidence of the accelerating depletion of natural resources and other environmental and social problems has resulted in a global consensus on the need to look at development in terms of long-term sustainability. This interest in sustainable development has been accompanied by an interest in important related issues, such as the conservation of natural resources and indigenous knowledge systems. This article at first defines some key concepts about pastoralism, including nomadism, semi-nomadism, transhumance and Alpwirtschaft. The geographical distribution of nomadism in the Old World Dry Belt and the different types of mobile livestock kept in western Sichuan were described, and their ecological explanations were presented based on some cases of western Sichuan. It was found that Tibetan nomads had made an important contribution to the traditional economy as well as the conservation of natural resources. With the mobile livestock kept, various nomadic groups can exploit environmental heterogeneity more effectively. Such strategy of exploiting variations in animal foraging behavior and local forage availability is linked to ecological strategies that insure forage productivity and survive of nomadic production system. Meanwhile, as an insurance against constraint events nomads have to strive to increase stock numbers, which is analogous to 're-selection' in bionomic strategy. This fact also implies that what nomads manage the biodiversity is adapted flexibly to the temporal variation of resources. Finally, it was pointed out that the knowledge systems of Tibetan nomads can be instrumental in putting forward alternatives to conventional development interventions. A better understanding of local knowledge systems can help to make development efforts more effective and sustainable.
作者 吴宁
出处 《山地学报》 CSCD 2004年第6期641-647,共7页 Mountain Research
基金 中国科学院重大项目(KSCX1-07 重要方向项目(KSCX2-01-09) 国家"十五"攻关课题(2001BA606A-05) 四川省青年科技基金项目(03ZQ026-043)资助。~~
关键词 游牧 旧大陆干旱带 川西草地 乡土知识 可持续发展 nomadism Old World Dry Belt western Sichuan rangeland indigenous knowledge
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