从铁器的金属学研究看中国古代东北地区铁器和冶铁业的发展

The Development of Iron and Steel Technology of Ancient Northeast China ——View from the Metallurgical Studies of Ferrous Artifacts

本文主要依据河北易县燕下都、吉林榆树老河深和辽宁北票喇嘛洞墓地等遗址出土铁器的金属微观组织和制作技术研究结果 ,讨论中国东北地区的铁器和冶铁业的发展问题 ,指出中国古代东北地区铁器的使用和发展是与居住其上的民族在与周边地区特别是中国中原地区的接触和交流中发展起来的 ,在这一过程中得到铁器或者铁器制造技术 ,接触并接受了中原地区先进的铁器文化 ,并创造出鲜明的民族特色文化 ,其铁器的制作工艺亦经历了从简单到复杂的过程 ,质量逐步得到提高 ,并发现了中国最早的贴钢和夹钢制品、可能为灌钢的制品和第一件具有砷偏析组织样品等 ,表明东北地区的古代钢铁技术在中国乃至整个东亚地区的冶金发展史上具有重要研究价值 ,由于目前尚未在本地区发现冶铁铸造遗址 ,所以进一步探索东北地区铁器和冶铁业的发展历程需要考古学家的支持与工作。

Based on metallurgical studies of iron and steel artifacts unearthed form Yanxiadu,Laoheshen and Lamadong sites,the paper discussed the development of iron and steel technology of ancient Northeast China.The actions of wars,migration,robbery and so on advanced the speed of the iron technology of Central China spreading to Northeast China.The comparative studies of iron artifacts' materials and making techniques of Northeast China and Central China shown that the beginning of iron using and making Northeast China was later than Central China,their techniques and styles of iron wares were influenced strongly by the later.The iron using and smelting were not at the same step at those iron-undeveloped areas,first was the use of iron objects from other areas,then materials for making implements themselves,and finally the skills of iron smelting.But to answer the question of when and where Northeast China began the iron smelting need more data of archaeological works and should be paying more attention to in the future.