唐代隐逸兴盛成因的社会学阐释

A Sociological Interpretation of the Prevalence of Hermit in Tang Dynasty

唐代隐逸兴盛的成因对把握唐代隐逸的特质、风貌及其与唐诗的关系意义重大。这一风尚的盛行与唐代的社会政治、经济状况和思想文化密切相关。政治上 ,唐代帝王对隐士优渥褒扬是刺激唐代隐逸发展的强大动力。科举制度方面 ,士子科举落第、仕途的挫折、中晚唐科场的流弊以及高隐制举的设立都使唐人的隐逸行为较前代变得更为频繁。从思想文化方面看 ,带有传统隐士色彩的隐居习道风气的盛行使唐代道教徒式的隐士大大增加 ;佛家遁迹山林的修行方式、清静超脱的人生境界也吸引着唐代文人奔趋山林。从经济基础看 ,唐代日益普及的私家园林 ,成为唐人实践仕隐两兼、满足其恬淡的隐逸情怀的理想境地 ,并构成唐人践履隐逸。

The factors leading to the prevalence of hermit in Tang Dynasty is crucial to the understanding of the features and characteristics of this phenomenon and its relationship with the poems of Tang Dynasty.The prevalence of hermit is closely related to the sociopolitical,economical and cultural reality of Tang Dynasty.Firstly,the emperors’ approval and support of hermit acted as a strong motivation propelling this prevalence.Secondly,the intellectuals’ failure in the imperial examinations,the instauration in their official careers,the loopholes of the imperial examinations in mid-late Tang Dynasties,the instauration of zhi ju,all of which made much more people seclusive.Thirdly,Daoism,in which the practitioners often choose to stay away from the crowd for a secluded life in some remote mountains,consequently encouraged more people to be secluded.Meanwhile,Buddhism,whose doctrine,manners and ambit had something in common with the hermitic life,appealed to the intellectuals seclude.Finally,the flourish of private gardens provided the ideal places of the hermit for the intellectuals to escape from the clamor of secular life without social ties with the civilized world.