论自主学习的内部机制、模式及其实施

Internal Mechanisms for Autonomous Learning and Their Implementation

自主学习是当今教育研究的一个重要主题。温纳和巴特勒(Winne & Butler)认为,自主学习的内部机制是个体元认知调控的认知系统与学习任务、行为表现、外部反馈等因素相互作用的过程;齐默曼认为,自主学习的内部机制涉及到自我、行为、环境三者之间的交互作用。笔者认为可以从学习的横向和纵向两个角度来理解自主学习。在自主学习的一般模式中包含四个层次的学习,第一环是学习目标、自学;第二环包含第一环,增加尝试练习和自查小结;第三环包含第二环,增加协商讨论;第四环包含第三环,增加教师重点讲授。在实施自主学习一般模式的过程中,笔者认为急需转变教育观念,加强资源建设,加强教学法研讨,正确处理教师主导与学生自主学习的关系。

Autonomous learning is one of the important themes in educational research. One key objective of any curricula is to train students to become autonomous learners. This paper first delineates the concept of autonomous learning and maintains that it can be conceived in two dimensions. First, autonomous learning refers to the situation in which learners can actively select, control and manipulate the learning environment. Second, autonomous learning refers to the procedures of determining learning objectives, constructing the learning environment, selecting learning methods, controlling the learning process and evaluating the learning outcome. After clarifying the different elements of autonomous learning and analyzing the relevant internal mechanisms, this paper puts forward a flowchart for autonomous learning in an online environment. Its effectiveness depends on how far students can choose learning objectives, learning content, learning methods and learning materials in an autonomous manner. This author calls for a change in educational thinking so that educators and learners can become more aware of the importance of autonomous learning. Lastly, learning resources and pedagogy should also be strengthened.