现代汉语中的称谓语和称呼语

Appellation and Addressing Terms in Modern Chinese

称谓语和称呼语应该重新界定,两者存在着一种交叉关系。称谓语可以分为亲属称谓语和社会称谓语两大类,两者既存在着共性,也存在着差异。称呼语可以分为亲属称呼语、社会称呼语及姓名称呼语三大类。称谓语同称呼语的差异体现在:(1)称谓语是一种相对处于贮存状态的静态的词汇现象,具有一定的系统性、稳定性;而称呼语则是一种处于使用状态的动态的词汇现象,具有一定的非系统性、灵活性。(2)称谓语在一定的区域内具有社会性、全民性,全体成员都会按照社会的约定自觉使用;而称呼语则更多地带上了使用者的个人色彩,往往具有特殊性、个性化。(3)称谓语在本质上具有书面语性,而称呼语在本质上具有口语性。称谓语和称呼语均具有鲜明的民族性和区域性。

It’s necessary to redefine appellation and addressing terms, because they overlap. Appellations can be divided into two categories, namely family appellations and social appellations. The two share both similarities and differences. Addressing terms can be classified into three categories: family addressing terms, social addressing terms and name addressing terms. The differences between appellations and addressing terms include: first, appellations are the static words not commonly used and to some extent systematic and stable while addressing terms are dynamic words commonly used and systematic and flexible. Second, in some areas, appellations are social and civil and must be used by all the members in accordance with the regulations of the society while addressing terms are more individualized and special. Third, appellations in essence are written language, while addressing terms are fundamentally oral. Both appellation and addressing terms have distinctive national and regional characteristics.