宏观生态学研究的特点与方法

Characteristics and methods of macroscopic ecological research

宏观生态学是研究生态系统以上层次的生态学，研究对象为大尺度复杂系统，研究内容和方法都具有不同于传统生态学的明显特点．重视对空间异质性的研究，重视人类的生态作用，注意运用等级结构理论，其研究结果常常是非实验性和非稳定性的．遥感和地理信息系统是空间数据采集和管理、分析的主要手段，景观分析和景观模型是宏观生态研究的重要方法，定位观测试验的网络研究则是实现宏观整体研究的必由之路．

Macroscopic ecology deals with problems of large spatial and temporal scales at the ecosystem level,which emphasizes on the development and effects of spatial heterogeneity,interactions and influences of spatial patterns on ecological processes, the hierarchical structure of landscape, the importance of spatial and temporal scale and ecological effects of human.Remote sensing and GIS ate a powerful technique in the study of spatial registered ground objects, especially for collection and analysis of spatial data.Methods of landscape characterization(including spatial pattern analysis and indices of landscape heterogeneity)and landscape modeling are quantitative techniques and essential to development of macroscopic ecology.Research network by linking observation and experiment stations will improve the ecological reserarch from a traditional,emperical and qualitative discipline to a mordern,integrated ecological sciences.