我国铌钽稀土矿物学及工业利用

Niobian-Tantalian and Rare Earth Mineralogy in China and Their Industrial Utilization

该文对我国铌钽稀土矿床及其产出的矿物进行了论述。根据从铌钽稀土元素的地球化学性质,认为地球物质分异是元素地球化学的原始动力。矿物学的核心内容之一是矿物的晶体结构和晶体化学,而铌钽稀土矿物晶体化学问题更占重要位置。在铌钽稀土矿物晶体结构中,铌钽是在假想酸根中呈中等大小的阳离子,而稀土则为阳离子配位多面体中的大阳离子形式存在,以此决定了它们的晶体化学行为。列出了我国产出的铌钽稀土矿物种类和各类各族中的种数,并简要论述了它们的主要矿物学特征。综述了我国铌钽稀土矿床的成矿地质时代和矿床成因类型,并列出各类型矿床中的众多不同产地,以表明矿床类型的多样性和矿化地区的广泛性。还对我国利用这类矿物的特色和可持续发展做出了建议。

The niobium-tantalum and rare-earths ore deposits in China and their occurred minerals are described. The text begins on stating the main geochemical characteristics of the niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) and rare-earths (RE) elements. It is recognized that the differentiation of the earth′s materials is the initial force of the geochemistry of elements. One of the heart contents of mineralogy is crystal structure and crystallochemistry of minerals. And the problem of crystallochemistry of Nb, Ta and RE minerals plays an important role in their mineralogy. In the crystal structure of Nb, Ta and RE minerals, Nb and Ta are medium-sized cations appearing as imaginary acid radical form and RE are large cations in coordinated polyhedran. These conditions determine the crystallochemical behavior of Nb, Ta and RE in minerals. The mineralogical class and group of Nb, Ta and RE minerals and the numbers of their species and varieties in China are listed. And the main mineralogical characteristics of these minerals are briefly mentioned as well. The geological epoch of metallogenesis and metallogenic types of their ore deposits are noted. Meanwhile, so many localities over China in each type of their ore deposits are also listed. It is clearly showed that the metallogenic types of ore deposits are many and varied, and metallogenesis areas are widespread in China. Lastly, the special characters of industrial utilization of these minerals over China and their sustainable development are suggested.