内陆河流域城镇发展的历史过程与机制——以黑河流域为例

The History Process and Developing Mechanisms of the Cities in The Inland River Basin——Taking the Heihe River Basin as a Case

城市的起源与形成是一个极其复杂而漫长的过程,是诸文明要素积累凝聚、从量变到质变的过程.黑河流域的城市大致经历了五个发展阶段:秦汉以前的城市萌芽,两汉时期的奠基期,十六国时期、隋唐时期的第二高峰期,宋以后的衰落期,直到明清以后城市再度复苏.在这一变化过程中,移民屯垦、兴修水利、农牧业的消长与进退、人口迁移与聚集、地缘政治和自然环境的变化是城镇发育与成长的主要驱动力.其中,又蕴含了两个相互交错的正负效应:汉民族的西扩—统一的国家—稳定的地缘政治关系—移民屯垦—兴修水利—农业繁荣—气候暖湿—城镇发展;少数民族东进—地方割据—复杂动荡的地缘政治环境—牧业扩张—气候干冷—沙漠化扩大—城镇衰退.其实质是在特定的地理环境和民族分布格局下,对优势生存空间的争夺.

The origin and form of a city is an extremely complicated and very long process. It is a course that all civilization factors accumulate and condense, in a manner from quantitative change to qualitative change. The cities in the Heihe River basin have experienced five developing stages roughly： sprout-period before the Qin Dynasty,foundation period in the Western Han and the Eastern Han, second peak period from the Sui Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, decline period during the Three Kingdoms and the Sixteen Kingdoms,decline period after the Song Dynasty. In this process, the emigration and land-exploitation,developing water conservancy, growth and decay of agriculture-herd industry, population migration and assembling, changes of geopolitics and natural environment are the main driving force of urban development and growth. There are two negative effects interlocking each other： Han ethnic expand westward-unified country-steady geopolitics relation-emigration and land-exploitation- developing water conservancy-prosperous agriculture-warm and wet climate-urban development; ethnic minority enters eastward-separatist regimes-turbulent geopolitics environment-herding industry extends-dry and cold climate-desertification expanding-urban discarded. Its essence is fighting for the living space of the advantage, under a specific geographical environment and pattern of ethnic allocation.