河北省大棚蔬菜施肥状况分析与评价

The Condition and Appraisal of the Vegetable Apply Fertilizer in Greenhouse in Hebei Province

通过施肥抽样调查和田间取土测定,研究了河北省大棚蔬菜施肥存在的主要问题.结果表明:在大棚蔬菜生产中,有机肥养分施入量占施肥总量的61%～88%.在大棚甜椒、黄瓜和番茄上,氮素化肥养分平均施用量超出需要量0.8～2.5倍,磷素化肥养分平均施用量超出需要量9.2～19.1倍,钾素化肥仅在甜椒上施用量超出需要量2倍左右,而在黄瓜和番茄上施用量与需要量基本一致.长期超量施肥,造成土壤养分积累,并导致土壤盐渍化,大棚蔬菜土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾超出适中水平的比例分别为21%、75%和34%,土壤电导率不同区域平均值为113～513 μs/cm,是露地菜田或农作物田块的1.5～2.5倍,最高值达1 143 μs/cm,已超出多数作物可以忍耐临界值的一倍以上.

We studied the existed problem in applying fertilizer in vegetable greenhouse in Hebei province, and put forward the proposal about solving these problems. We made these experiments that we sampled from applied fertilizer soil by suggesting to the peasants and taking the soil measurement in the fields. The results demonstrated that the vegetables peasants applied fertilizer was too much with the experience in vegetable production. The amount of applied fertilizer was too much which exceeded the vegetable growth need several times even decuple to caused the soil salinize, and to cause the protected vegetable continuous cropping obstacte. But the vegetables continuously cropped only for 3-5 years. So the vegetable yield reduced. Some were too serious to restrain the growth of seedling. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is inbalance and the fertilizer applid of kinds could not meet growth need. A great deal of using （NH4）2PO4 and three elements compounded fertilizer led to the accumulation of soil nutrient. Especially the soil phosphorus is surplus. The absurdity applied fertilizer to bring the huge economy loss and the environment risks.