古代国家秩序与社会秩序的一般关系——以中国历史为中心的探讨

The Normal Relationship between the Ancient Orders of State and Society: the Case of China

国家秩序是国体与政体的合一。国体反映了社会各阶级在国家中的地位;政体反映了国家政权的组织形式。二者的合一构成了国家秩序的具体形态。社会秩序有广义和狭义之分,广义的社会秩序包括了社会各阶级、阶层在内的各种社会群体的组织形式;狭义的社会秩序则是指由血缘、地域、经济、宗教、文化等因素构成的特殊社会群体组织形式。社会秩序与国家秩序之间的关系是复杂的,社会秩序既是国家秩序形成与发展的重要基础,也可能构成不依赖于国家行政组织而独立存在于社会之中的一种民间秩序。本文即从广义和狭义的角度,并以中国古代历史发展为线索来简要探讨国家与社会的一般关系。

The state order is the unity both of state's form and government's form. The state's form reflects the national status of various social classes, and the government's form reflects the shape of organization of power. The unity of both constitutes the concrete form of the state order. The social order has the differences of broad meaning and narrow meanings. The former includes all kinds of forms of organization of social groups, such as various social classes and stratum. The later indicates the form of organization of special social groups composed by the elements such as blood relationship, region, economy, religion, culture, and etc. The relationship between social order and state order is very complicated, since the social order is not only the crucial basis of the formation and development of the order of state, but also has the possibility to constitute a kind of folk order independent from the administrative organizations. This article discusses the general relationship between state and society according to the historical praetice of ancient China.