“应该”及其否定句式

'Yinggai'and its negative constructions

吕叔湘(1996)把“应该”定义为“情理上必须如此”和“估计情况必然如此”。本文从理论和语言调查两个方面论证了吕叔湘(1996)对“应该”的定义是不确切的,因为“应该”在“情理”上达不到“必须”的程度,在“估计”上也达不到“必然”的程度。因此“应该”的定义需要修改。另外,按照吕叔湘(1996)的定义,丸尾诚(1997)所观察到的“不应该”和“应该不”在意思上的差别很小,并且吕叔湘(1996)所指出的“不该不=该”也得不到自然的解释。本文的修改意见是:“应该”在情理上非常接近于“必须如此”;在估计上非常接近于“必然如此”。根据这个定义(公理),“不应该=应该不”和“不该不=该”都可以作为定理推出。

According to Lü Shuxiang (1996), 'yinggai' means that things are either predictably necessarily so or morally necessarily so. This definition, however, does not square with Maruo Makot's claim that there is virtually little difference between 'bu yinggai' and 'yinggai bu' and his own claim that 'bu (ying)gai bu' is equivalent to '(ying)gai'. We argue both on theoretical grounds and on the basis of the results of an investigation that there is a clear difference between 'yinggai' and 'biding' (=logical necessity) on the one hand, and between 'yinggai' and 'bixu' (=deontic necessity) on the other. It shows that if 'yinggai' is defined as 'high logical possibility' or 'high deontic possibility', then these claims can be derived as theorems.