“铁姑娘”再思考——中国文化大革命期间的社会性别与劳动

Rethinking the “Iron Girls”: Gender and labor in China during the Cultural Revolution

本文主旨是通过对20世纪50年代至80年代中国妇女参与社会劳动的描述,分析国家动员和行政干预如何影响了女性新的劳动角色的形成。在这一历史阶段,在国家政策的干预下,逐渐形成了以城市女性为一级蓄水池、农民为二级蓄水池的劳动计划调节模式,只是与市场经济下的工业后备军制相比,这种蓄水池机制具有更鲜明的强制性特征。伴随于此的,是中国劳动分工的“去性别化”,即形成女性不断扩大其职业领域、与男性劳动相融汇混合的特点。文化大革命时期(1968-1976年)是本文分析的重点。在这一时期,强有力的政治动员使这一“去性别化”特点达到顶峰。大庆的“男工女耕”和“铁姑娘”是这一时期推行的两种典型的性别分工模式。本文将分析这两个典型对女性劳动的影响。对被动员的中国妇女来说,新的劳动角色对她们既有正面的意义,也有负面的影响。

Describing the women's participation in the social labor during 1950s-1980s, this paper analyzes how the state mobilization and the political intervention influenced the forming of new feminine labor roles. Under the intervention from the state policy, an adjustive mode for planning labor, which makes the women as the first level pool and the peasants as the second, has, during this period, gradually formed. Compared with the mode of industrial reserve within the planned economy, this pool-like mechanism, however, showed the characteristic of compulsion more obviously. Companied with this situation, it is the “de-genderised' in the Chinese gender division of labor, which form the character that the field of women's occupation expanded continuously and mixed with the men's gradually. This article focuses on the period of Culture Revolution (1968-1976), for during this period, powerful political mobilization made the character of “de-genderised' to the acme. The mode of “men to work and women to farm' in Daqing and the “Iron girls' are the two typical modes of gender division in labor, which were pushed in this period. In this paper, the influence of these tow models to the feminine labor will be analyzed. The new labor roles had, to the mobilized Chinese women, the positive and negative influences.