美国医疗风险监测预警机制现状及绩效的循证评价

Evidence-Based Evaluation of American Medical Risk Monitoring and Precaution System

目的循证评价美国医疗风险监测预警机制的经验及其对我国医疗风险监管系统建立的借鉴意义。方法检索相关数据库和网络资源,全面收集有关美国医疗风险管理、医疗差错、病人安全和安全教育等方面的文献,将文献质量按循证科学的原理和方法进行分级并分类统计。结果1999年美国医学研究所(IOM)《犯错人皆难免,构建更安全的医疗卫生系统》的报告,揭示了美国医疗差错的严重性,同时指出了问题的根源并提出了解决途径。2000年,政府指定国家质量协调特别工作组(QuIC)评估IOM报告并制订了具体的整改措施。经过5年改革,在增强公众医疗差错意识、建立病人安全中心、制定医疗安全执行标准、应用信息技术、建立差错报告系统等方面取得了一定的成绩,建立了完善的医疗风险监管机制。但在风险防范方面仍存在一定不足。结论我国在建立医疗风险监管体系时应结合自身的特点:①普及和加强公众的医疗风险、病人安全意识,支持和开展病人安全相关研究;②建立医院检查审核制度和医务人员的定期考核管理制度,重视和加强医务人员的继续教育及医学生有关医疗风险知识的在校教育;③应用循证科学的原理和方法,制定涉及医疗保健系统、采购系统、药物供应系统等各个方面相应的制度和指南,规范操作制度和管理;④利用计算机信息技术,促进医院的信息化建设和规范化管理,减少人为因素的影响;⑤在选点示范、逐步推行的同时,应用循证科学的原理和方法后效评价,止于至善。

Objective To evaluate evidence from American medical risk monitoring and precaution system （AMRMPS） which may affect the construction of Chinese medical risk monitoring and precaution system （CMRMPS）. Methods We searched relevant databases and Internet resources to identify literature on AMRMPS, medical errors, and patient safety. We used the quality evaluation system for medical risk management literature to extract and evaluate data. Results In 1999, a report from the Institute of Medicine （IOM） not only showed the severity and cause of medical errors in America but also gave the solution of it. In 2000, the Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force （QuIC） was appointed to assess the IOM report and take specific steps to improve AMRMPS. After 5 years, a well-developed medical risk management system was established with the improvement in the public awareness of medical errors, patient safety, performance criteria of medical safety, information technology and error reporting system. There was still some weakness of this system in risk precaution and prevention. Conclusion The experience from AMRMPS can be used to establish the CMRMPS. Firstly, we should disseminate and strengthen the awareness of medical risk and patient safety in public. Secondly, we should establish hospital audit system which includes auditing of medical staff and course of medical risk in continuing and academic education. Thirdly, we should develop regulations and guidelines on health care, medical purchase and drug supply which will benefit in management of regular work. Fourthly, we should develop computer information system for hospital which will regulate the management without the disturbance from human. Lastly, we should emphasize outcome evaluations and strive for perfection during the process.