与镁铁-超镁铁质岩石有关的矿床类型

Ore deposit types related to mafic-ultramafic rocks

本文综述了近年来的研究成果,介绍了与镁铁质-超镁铁质岩有关的矿床类型和成矿作用。重点讨论的矿种有钒钛磁铁矿、铜-镍、铬铁矿、磁铁矿、铂族、钴、金、镁、磷灰石、金刚石、石棉、蛭石、宝玉石等,涉及的矿床成因类型主要有:岩浆型(包括岩浆熔离、贯入、分异和爆发型)、热液型、矽卡岩型、变质型、火山喷溢型、风化型(包括风化壳和砂矿)以及复合型等。从勘查找矿考虑,可从含矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩石类型入手,结合矿床成因类型和产出构造环境因素,将矿床分为与深成岩、浅成岩和喷出岩有关的三大类和若干亚类矿床,并详细介绍了各类的主要矿床类型、成矿地质特征、成因特点和矿床实例。在此基础上,对与镁铁-超镁铁质岩有关的成矿作用进行了4个层次讨论,包括单一矿床的复合成矿作用、杂岩体本身的不同矿床类型和矿种的组合、不同镁铁-超镁铁质岩套之间的伴生,以及与非超镁铁质岩套的共生与组合。

This paper summarizes recent research results and introduces ore deposit types and mineralization related to mafic-ultramafic rocks. The dominant minerals under discussion are vanadic-titianomagnetite, coppernickel, chromite, magnetite, PGE, cobalt, gold, magnesium, apatite, diamond, asbestos, vermiculite, gemstone and jade. The genetic types of ore deposit involved are mainly the magrnatic type （including magrnatic differentiation, magmatic injection, magmatic hquation and magmatic explosion）, hydrothermal type, skam type, metamorphic type, volcanic eruption type, supergene type （including weathering crust and placer deposits） and composite type. For convenience of mineral exploration and based on types of ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic bodies, combined with the genetic types and tectonic setting of ore deposits, the ore deposits related to mafic-ultramafic rocks may be classified into three major ore deposit types, i.e. those associated with plutonic rocks, hypabyssal rocks and extrusive rocks, and several subtypes. The major types, geological characteristics, genetic features and case histories of the ore deposits are introduced in details. Finally, on that basis, the mineralization related to the mafic-ultramafic rocks are discussed at the following four levels： （a） polymineralization of single deposits, （b） different deposit types and mineral assemblages of one complex, （c） association of different mafic-ultramafic rock suites, and （d） paragenetic relationships with non-ultramafic rock suites.