城市劳动力市场中的人员流动及其决定机制——兼析大城市的新二元结构

The Flow of Personnel in China's Urban Labor Market and the System that Decides thereon

本研究借用了劳动力市场阶层化研究的思路和方法,利用专项调查获取的大量数据,实证分析了城市劳动力市场中的流动及其决定机制。本文的理论假说如下:第一,中国的城市劳动力市场包含了外劳和本地居民两大部分,但这两部分从业人员所属的市场阶层以及在市场阶层之间的流动状况是不相同的。第二,从非正规部门流向正规部门的上升移动会带来工资收入的增加,但本地居民和外劳,以及外劳中的民工与城镇居民实现流动的机会是不均等的。第三,在求职过程中选择什么性质的部门、以何种方式在不同部门之间流动,主要取决于以户籍为代表的制度因素,而不是个人的教育水平、工作经历等人力资本。本文的结论是:通过劳动力市场的竞争机制,人力资本的利用状况明显改善,但由于还存在制度歧视,劳动力市场依旧是二元性质的。消灭城市内部的新二元结构是下一步改革的重要目标。

In this paper,we have,by means of the study of stratumization of labor markets and by the use of lots of data collected with specialized investigation,made a case study of the flow of personnel in China's urban labor market and the system that decides thereon.The hypotheses used in this article are as follows:(1)China's urban labor market consists of two parts,that is,migrant workers and native workers,but the employees from the two parts are of different market stratum and the flow——from one stratum to another——of one kind of employees mentioned above is different from that of the other;(2)to move up from working in an unregulated department to working in a regulated department can bring in higher wages,but with local residents and migrant workers,unequal are opportunities of shifting jobs,and the same is true with farmers but working in a city(peasant workers)and urbanites;(3)in job hunting,what kind of department to work in to choose,and what way in which to shift jobs from one department to another to select,are dependant mainly on factors of system,especially the system of household registration,rather than personal education,working experiences and other human capital.Our conclusion is that,owing to the mechanism of competition in the labor market,the use of human capital has been obviously improved,that,however,because of the existing discrimination in system,the labor market is still binary in nature,and that the important goal of the next reform is to remove the new dual structure within a city.