一般化互惠:测量、动力及方法论意涵

Generalized Reciprocity: Measurements, motive and methodological implications

本文首先分析了一般化互惠的多种含义,然后分别针对个体网和整体网,探讨各种测量互惠及一般化互惠的方法,并结合社会支持数据对所界定的一般化互惠进行了测量。一般化互惠背后潜藏着人类社会的一个特质,即社会互动的“公平性”,坚持“扬善惩恶”;搭便车行为因而不能广泛存在,“理性人”假设受到严峻挑战。文章最后概要指出一般化互惠体现“交互性”,因而是一种补充“因果性”的新的社会科学解释观。

This article discusses a variety of implications of generalized reciprocity, and then many methods to measure reciprocity and generalized reciprocity in ego networks and whole network are analyzed respectively. Using social support data, the author measures the generalized reciprocity defined in this article. Generalized reciprocity contains a profound trait of human society, i.e. “fairness' of social interaction, and that's the reason why “free-riding' can't exist widely. “Rational man” hypothesis encounters severe challenge here. Generalized reciprocity embodies new idea of social science explanation, which will complement the traditional one of “causality”.