若尔盖湿地退化原因及保护对策

Factors of Retrogradation in Ruoergai Wetland and its Conservation Strategies

若尔盖湿地是我国宝贵的湿地资源,享有“高原之肾”的美誉。它在涵养水源、保持生物多样性、调节区域气候、控制碳循环等方面具有重要的战略地位。但由于人类活动的加剧,湿地面积不断萎缩,沙化面积逐渐扩大,生物多样性丧失严重,致使湿地生态系统功能明显下降。如果不采取切实可行的保护对策,该湿地将面临巨大的生态灾害。对若尔盖湿地进行的实地考察和调研表明:各种自然因素和过载放牧、挖沟排水、滥垦滥伐、开采泥炭等人为因素是若尔盖湿地退化的根本原因;自然因素与人为因素的叠加效应加速了它的退化,高寒高海拔环境,尤其是低温导致了退化生态系统的难恢复性。采取全程控制与末端治理相结合的防控手法并配合经济转型与生态补偿才是若尔盖湿地保护的根本出路。

Ruoergai wetland called ＂the kidney of the plateau＂ is the precious resource of our country, occupying an important strategic status in the water holding, biodiversity conservation, region climate adjusting, carbon-cycling controlling and so on. But because of the intensified actions of humanity, its wetland area is increasingly decreasing, its sand area is gradually expanding, thus resulting in a serious loss of its biodiversity, and making the function of the wetland ecosystem obviously drop. If no feasible protection rmeasures are taken, this wetland will be faced with fearful ecological disaster. The on-the-spot investiga- tion of Ruoergai wetland has indicated that the natural and man-made factors such as overloaded herding, trenching to draining, disorderly reclaiming and denudation, mining turves and so on are the basic reasons for the degenerating of Ruoergai wetland. The natural and man-made factors have a superimposition effect on accelerating its degeneration, and the alpine environment, especially the low temperature, causes the degenerated ecosystem to be difficult to restitute. The entire journey control and the terminal management with economic reformation and ecological compensation are the basic measures for the protection of Ruoergai wetland.