清代的雁门关与塞北商城——以雁门关碑刻为中心的考察

Yanmenguan and Commercial Cities in the North of the Great Wall During the Qing Dynasty——A Case Study by the Inscriptive Materials of Yanmenguan

山西雁门关是晋商赴蒙、俄贸易的必经之路。经由雁门关北上的商人有很多活跃在张家口、多伦、归化城、西包头、丰镇等处。晋商从内地运往蒙区和俄国的商品以茶叶、烟草、杂货为大宗,输入内地的商品则以牲畜、皮毛等为主。晋商的经营活动推动了汉、蒙民族之间的物资交流,也促进了塞北地区商业城镇的发展。

Yanmenguan, in Shanxi province, was the inevitable way for Shanxi merchants to get into Mongolia and Russia. Many of them did their business actively in cities north of Yanmenguan, such as Zhangjiakou, Duolun, Guihua, West Baotou, and Fengzhen. Large quantities of goods that carried from hinterland to Mongolia and Russia by Shanxi merchants, were tea, tobacco and sundry goods. And the goods that imported into hinterland basically were livestock and fur. These mercantile activities not only promoted the goods exchange between the Han nationality and Mongolia nationality, but also spurred the development of commercial cities in the north of the Great Wall.