论中国古代社会的虚拟血缘关系

On Fictitious Kin in Ancient Chinese Society

中国古代社会的虚拟血缘关系,主要包括异姓兄弟和异姓父子两大类。它的发展,从宏观方面来看,与王朝嬗替中传统社会组织的稳定与解体互相联系;而从微观运行来看,又与虚拟血缘关系在形成新的社会组织方面具有较高的运作效率以及较低的社会成本密切相关。正因为此,虚拟血缘关系在魏晋南北朝隋唐时期,成为宗族社会与王朝政权控制力下降或解体时,社会边缘族群及下层社会组成新的社会集团时的重要选择。在宋代以后,虚拟血缘关系中的异姓兄弟,由于对王朝的稳定构成巨大的挑战,受到历代王朝日益严厉的压制以至禁止,但因其组成新的社会利益集团的较低社会组织成本和高效率,却在明清时代成为民间秘密社会的主要组织方式。

Fictitious kin in ancient Chinese society mainly includes with different surnames. In the view of macroscopic aspect, its brothers with different surnames and father and son development is mutually related to traditional society structure＇s stability and disintegration in dynasty evolution. In aspect of microscopic operation, its development is closely related to fictitious kin＇s high operation efficiency and low society cost while forming new society organizations. Therefore, in dynasties of Wei,Jin, Northern, Southern, Sui and Tang, when clan society and dynasty regime~ s control- ling power drops or disaggregates, fictitious kin becomes important choice of society margin family and lower society in progress of organizing new society groups. After Song Dynasty, brothers with different surnames in fictitious kin was strictly suppressed, even forbidden by authorities because of its tremendous challenge to the dynasty＇s stability. Due to its low society organization cost and high efficiency in organizing new society advantage groups, it becomes the main organization pattern of secret folk society in Ming and Qing dynasties.