黄淮地区不同粳稻品种株型、产量与品质的比较分析

Comparisons of Plant Type, Grain Yield, and Quality of Different Japonica Rice Cultivars in Huanghe-Huaihe River Area

对黄淮稻区的129个粳稻品种（品系）进行了株型、产量和品质的观察测定。通过产量聚类分析,将供试品种分成超高产、高产、中产、中低产及低产5种类型。超高产类型品种占3.1%,低产类型品种占14.7%,其他3类品种占82.2%。超高产水稻品种多为半直立大穗型、叶片挺立,具有较高的干物质生产能力、较高的粒重、结实率和经济系数。优质米品种在高产和中高产类型中较多,在超高产和低产类型中很少。垩白米率高是超高产品种米质的主要问题。提出了黄淮地区超高产（〉12thm^-2）中粳水稻品种的株型和产量构成指标,即株高1.00-1.08m,全生育期150-155d,穗型半直立,有效穗320-340个m-2,穗长0.17-0.18m,一次枝梗12-15个,二次枝梗30-38个;每穗160-180粒,结实率〉85%,千粒重26-27g;倒1、2、3叶叶长分别为0.26-0.28、0.35-0.40和0.32-0.38m,剑叶角度〈20°,收获指数〉0.50。

Huanghe-Huai River area is an important rice-growing area in China and most rice cultivars used there are midseason japonica ones. Today, little is known what traits should be for a cultivar with super-high-yielding and good quality in this district. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of plant type, grain yield and quality of rice cultivars grown in Huanghe-Huaihe River area. One hundred and twenty-nine mid-season japonica rice cultivars and lines, used in the production, were field-grown and their morphological traits, grain yield and quality were investigated. The results showed that, by cluster analysis based on grain yield, 129 tested cultivars could be classified into five groups： super-high-yielding （13.57 t ha^-1 ）, high-yielding （11.52 t ha^-1 ）, mid-yielding （10.26 t ha^-1 ）, mid-low-yielding （9.04 t ha^-1 ）, and low-yielding （7.57 t ha^-1 ）. In the total tested cultivars, super-high-yieldiag cultivars were 3.1%, low-yielding cultivars were 1d.7%, and other cultivars were 82.2%. Most of high- and super-high-yielding cultivars had half-erect and large panicles and erect leaves, produced more biomass, and had greater seed-setting rate, grain weight and harvest index. The cultivars with good grain quality were mainly in the high-yielding and mid-high-yielding groups, and very few in the super-high-yielding and low-yielding groups. The higher percentage of chalky grains was a major problem for the super-high-yielding cultivars. The traits or indexes for a super-high-yielding mid-season japonica rice cultivars were suggested, i.e., plant height 100 - 108 cm, whole growth period 150 - 155 d, half-erect panicles, panicle length 0.17 - 0.18 m, panicles 320-340 m-2, primary branches 12- 15, secondary branches 30- 38, spikelets per panicle 160- 180, seed-setting rate 〉 85%, 1 000-grain weight 26 - 27 g, the length of the flag leaf, and the 2^nd and 3^rd leaves from the top were 0.26 - 0.28, 0.35 - 0.40, and 0.32 - 0.38 m, respectively, the angle of the flag leaf〈 20°, and harvest index 〉 0.5.