宋代官员分司制度

The System of Official Fensi in Song Dynasty

宋代官员分司主要有自请、责降、叙复和优待四种方式,神宗以前,自请和优待者居多,神宗以后则以责降为主。分司官有一定任期,但职事简单,并逐步虚化,直至全无,由此也导致了分司官之分司地与居住地由完全一致向完全分离转化。官员分司之初官职一般会发生变动,或升或降取决于分司方式。分司官可享有升转官资、荫补亲属为官等政治特权以及以俸禄为主的经济待遇,但分司官之间、分司官与现任官之间都存在一定差别,并因时而变。宋代官员分司制度既承袭了前代的做法,也有自己的创新,形成了比较完备的体系,但对宋代以后的作用并不明显。

The manners of official fensi in the Song Dynasty mainly have pleasing, punishing, resuming and giving special treatment. Before the reign of Emperor Shenzong, pleasing and giving special treatment were the main manners, and after Emperor Shenzong, punishing was the most important manner. The fensi officials had a certain term of duty, but their duty was simple, and it became weaker in the course until it came to nil, which resulted in translation of the officicals＇ fensi place and their inhabitations from the one to a complete separation. When officials fensi, the changing of their official position mainly rested with fensi manners. Fensi officials could enjoy a political privilege and special treatment on economy , and there were some differences not only among fensi officials but also between fensi officials and the officials of currently holding the post. The system of official fensi in the Song Dynasty not only borrowed from the fomer systems, but also had its own innovation, which formed a self-contained system. But its effect on the dynasties after was not evident.