流域水质目标管理技术研究(Ⅰ)——控制单元的总量控制技术

The Study on Technique of Basin Water Quality Target Management Ⅰ: Pollutant Total Amount Control Technique in Control Unit

对国内外水污染防治技术体系进行了归纳总结,系统地介绍了美国水质管理技术——TMDL计划的技术框架和特点,指出TMDL对我国水质目标管理的借鉴意义.在“以人为本,保护水生态”以及“分类、分区、分级、分期”理念的指导下,构建了以保持水生态系统健康为目标的流域水质目标管理技术体系,阐述了该体系的内涵和特点,研究了面向控制单元的总量控制技术方法,对水环境生态分区、水质标准体系的建立、水污染控制单元的选取、实际和允许负荷量的计算、污染负荷分配等关键技术进行了探讨,最后就如何实现流域水质目标管理体系提出了建议.

The current domestic and foreign systems of water pollution control technology were summarized. Emphatically, the technical framework and advantages of TMDL program of USEPA, regarded as the very typical technique of water quality management in the world, were systematically introduced, which can offer good reference to basin water quality target management in China. Based on the principles of ＂human fundamental, emphasis on ecological health＂ and ＂by type, by region, by grade and by term＂, the technique system of basin water quality target management was constructed with the goal of keeping the health of water eco-system. The implications and traits of this technique system were explained. The methods of control unit-based pollutant total amount control were analyzed, such as the ecological zoning of water environment, the construction of water quality standard system, the choice of water pollution control unit, the calculation of actual and permitted pollutant load, the allocation of pollutant load and so on. Finally, four suggestions were brought forward for actualizing the basin water quality target management system.