推定研究中的认识误区

Rethinking Research on Presumption in China

当前有关推定的研究存在三个误区:在基础观念层面,将推定混同于个案性的事实推定或法律拟制;在效果界定层面,无视推定类型的多元性,而对其效果做单一的甚至错误的界定;在价值评价层面,对刑事推定的适用持毫无保留的肯定态度,轻率地认定刑事推定与无罪推定原则之间并无冲突。文章认为,推定与推理在约束力的来源与是否具有普遍的强制性上存在本质区别;不应以单一的标准抽象地区分推定与拟制;推定的法律效果具有多样性,界定其效果须考虑五个因素;刑事推定在威胁无罪推定所代表的基本内容与价值的同时,又侵犯到被告人的权利,还可能涉及立法权的实质合理性问题。

There are several problems in the research on criminal presumptions in China.One is to confuse presumptions with inferences or legal imitations,another is to ignore various types of presumption and its various effects,and the third is to misunderstand the relation of presumption with the reasonable doubt rule.This article concludes that：（a） presumption is substantially different from inference in two aspects,and it can not be distinguished from legal imitation with a single standard;（b） the effects of presumptions are various,and their concrete definitions need to consider five factors;（c） criminal presumptions not only threaten the basic content of the reasonable doubt rule and its value,but also violate defendant＇s rights,and they still may be concerned with reasonable scope of legislative power.