“行政下乡”:动员、任务与命令——现代国家向乡土社会渗透的行政机制

"Administration Going to the Countryside": Mobilization、Tasks and Orders——The Administrative Mechanism of Infiltration of Modern State to Rural Society

本文认为,在现代国家建构过程中,国家运用行政体系,将国家意志输入乡土社会,将分散和分割的乡土社会整合为一体。中国的乡土社会得以迅速整合,在相当程度依靠于强大的行政能力的渗透、介入和扩展。现代中国的建构又是"行政下乡"的过程。在20世纪的中国,特别是在中国共产党领导下,这种行政机制向乡土社会渗透主要包括:依托于战争期间形成的强大政治动员、各种自上而下的行政任务全面介入到农民的日常生活之中,以及带有半军事化特点的命令式体制。其结果是将自然的分散的乡土社会变为一个行政的有组织的乡土社会,这是乡土社会融入国家体系的起点。

In the process of building modern state, the state using administrative system, imports the state will into the rural society to make the scattered and divided rural society into one unit. The rapid converge of Chinese rural society depends on the infiltration, intervention and expansion of the strong administrative capacity. The construction of modern China is the process of ＂Administration going to the countryside＂. For the 20th century in China, especially under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the administrative mechanism of infiltration of modern state to rural society mainly are： Depending on the strong political mobilization which formed during the war, various administrative tasks fully involved in the daily life of the farmers with a semi-militarized characteristic of the order regime. The result is that this made the natural and scattered rural society change into an organized one for the administration, and this is the starting point of rural society into the national system.