中国体质研究的进程与发展趋势

The Advancement and Developing Trend of Physical Fitness Study in China

结合我国古代医学、现代医学、人类学和生物学等学科的理论,采用专家访谈、文献调研等方法,回顾我国体质学的由来、理论基础和发展历程,并重点论述当前我国体质研究的不足以及对未来体质学发展的思考。研究认为,中国“体质”一词最早来源于《黄帝内经》,“形神合一”是我国古代体质观的精华。随着历史的演变和科学文化的发展,体质的概念也在不断地完善和充实。目前公认的观点是,体质是人体的质量,是在遗传性和获得性的基础上表现出来的人体形态结构、生理功能和心理因素等综合的、相对稳定的特征。开始于20世纪70年代末的“中国青少年儿童身体形态、机能和素质的研究”。成熟于“中国国民体质监测系统”的建立。2000年在我国开展了幼儿（3～6岁）、儿童青少年（7～19岁）、成年（20～59岁）和老年（60～69岁）人群的体质监测工作。标志着体质研究已上升为我国体育科学界最为活跃的研究领域之一。我国的体质研究应该尽快提升体质测量与评价的多样性和多层次化,以便科学和便捷地指导国民进行体育健身。

＂Physical fitness＂ in China originates from ＂the Yellow Emperor＇ s Internal Classic＂. Combination of shape and soul is the pith of Chinese ancient＇s theory of physical fitness. With the evolution of history and the development of scientific culture, the theory of physical fitness is improving and enriching constantly. In China, discipline such as physical anthropology, constitution of the human body, practical physical science has appeared successively, among them, the most representational discipline is the sports academic periodical discussion on physical fitness. Therefore, physical fitness is the mass of the human body, and an interactions and relative stability characteristic that performance out of human morphology, physiology and psychological factors, which is the basis of inheritance and acquirer. The research of children and adolescents＇ anthropometry, physiological fitness and physical activity in China, which established in the late of 1970 ＇s, was the beginning of physical fitness research in China. Under the 20 years efforts, the sports academic periodical associating with branch such as Ministry of Education, establish the ＂National Physical Fitness Surveillance System of China＂, and first carried out the physical fitness surveillance in China in 2000, which included preschoolers （aged at 3 - 6 ）, children and adolescents （aged at 7- 19）, adults （aged at 20-59）, seniors （aged at 60- 69）. In order to scientifically guide physical exercise, physical fitness study must be improved by ways of measure and valuation as soon as possible.