集聚经济、外资溢出效应与中国汽车企业效率

Agglomeration Economies, FDI Spillovers and Chinese Automobile Enterprises Efficiency

随着中国汽车产业的迅速发展,目前已经形成东北、长三角、湖北十堰—武汉、重庆市、珠三角和京津地区六大汽车企业集聚区,集聚经济和外商直接投资显著影响我国汽车企业效率。本文以2004年中国2160个汽车企业为研究对象,分别考察集聚经济和外商直接投资对中国汽车企业效率的影响,结果表明,内部规模经济、城市化经济和地方化经济能显著提升汽车企业效率,汽车企业规模越大、相同产业或相近产业的集聚越能有效促进汽车企业共享基础设施、劳动力市场和信息资源,增进企业的上下游联系,从而提高生产效率。外商直接投资对汽车企业的影响较为复杂,一方面,城市实际利用外资总额对我国汽车企业效率没有显著影响,另一方面城市汽车业外资对本地汽车企业没有显著的溢出效应,但对本地汽车生产企业有较明显的溢出。

With the fast development of automobile industry, six main agglomeration areas such as northeast, Yangtze River Delta region, Wuhan-Shiyan region, Chongqing, Pearl Delta region and Beijing-Tianjin area have been formed. Agglomeration economies and FDI significantly influence the automobile efficiency in China. The paper intends to explore how the agglomeration economies and FDI influence Chinese automobile efficiency. The result confirms that inner scale economies, urbanization and localization economies can significantly raise automobile industry efficiency. A large automobile enterprise performs better if it is located in a large city or with large scale of automobile industry because it can take advantages of infrastructure, labor markets and information resources, also, it can strengthen relationship with other enterprises. FDI has complex influence on Chinese automobile industry. First, FDI as a whole in the city does not have spillover effect on the city＇s automobile industry. Second, a city＇s actually used automobile FDI does not have spillover effect on whole automobile enterprises but has significant spillover effect on automobile assembly enterprises.