转喻与词汇意义的发展

Metonymy and Development of Words Meaning

词义的发展不是任意的,而是建立在转喻或隐喻的认知方式上。转喻已经成为人类的一种思维方式,是一种特别类型的心理映射,即通过理解一个人、物体或事件的显著部分,来认识整个人、物体或事件。它是人类认识客观世界的重要手段,根植于人们的基本经验。转喻是发生在同一概念域内部的突显,是整体与部分、部分与部分之间的互换。以部分概念来表示整体概念,词义就扩大了;反之,以整体概念来表示部分概念,词义就缩小了。因此,转喻是丰富人类语言的重要手段。

The development of words meaning is not arbitrary, but it bases on cognitive methods of metaphor and metonymy. Metonymy has become one way of thinking; it is a special mental mapping, that is to learn the striking part of a person, object or event to understand the whole. It is an important method for human beings to learn the objective world, which roots in people＇s experience. Metonymy is the internal salience in a same conceptual domain, and it is also mutual exchange among the whole and part, part and part in a whole. Therefore, when one part expresses the whole the meaning of the word enlarges. If the whole expresses part, the word meaning narrows.