《前秦建元籍》与汉唐间籍帐制度的变化

"The Household Registration of the 20^(th) Year of Jianyuan in the Former Qin Dynasty" and Changes in the Registration System during the Han and Tang Dynasties

《前秦建元籍》是目前所见最早的纸本户籍,其第三栏登载的是每户的赀产状况,而非财产转移的记录。该文书标明"三月籍",不同于秦汉时期的八月造籍和唐代的正月造籍,这可能与当时特定的历史背景有关。该籍中户主的籍贯分别注明州、郡、县、乡、里,与秦汉三国时期的户籍简只注明里名有很大差异,说明纸本户籍不再局限于保存在乡、县,而是要进一步上呈郡、州,直至中央机构。从登载的内容和统计的重点看,《前秦建元籍》与走马楼户籍简中的"凡口若干"一类性质相近;但以往的户籍简是一年更造,该籍与南朝户籍则是数年一造,据此可以推测当时的纸本户籍背后已有每年度编造的计帐类文书存在。

'The Household Registration of the 20th Year of Jianyuan in the Former Qin Dynasty' is the earliest known paper version of a household registration.Rather than property transfer,it recorded in its third column the property status of every household.The record was made 'in the third month of the year,' rather than in the eighth month as in the Qin and Han dynasties,or in the first month as in the Tang dynasty.This may be related to the historical background of the time.The information on the birthplace of the head of the household includes li(neighborhood),xiang(township),county,prefecture,and province,which is different from the practice during the period of Qin,Han and the Three Kingdoms when only li was recorded.The fact shows that the paper registration records were not only kept in townships and counties,but were meant to be reported to prefectures and provinces,or even central government departments.In terms of its contents and statistical focus,this household registration record is similar to the one inscribed on bamboo/wooden slips unearthed at Zoumalou,Changsha,Hunan Province.However,unlike previous household registrations,which were revised annually,the Jianyuan registration was revised every few years,as was household registration in the Southern Dynasties.One may surmise from this that these records were based on annual statistical records.