江苏省杂交粳稻育种的现状、问题与对策

Current Status and Prospects of Japonica Hybrid Rice Breeding in Jiangsu,China

江苏省杂交粳稻的研究始于19世纪70年代末。1982和1983年,先后参加华东地区和南方稻区杂交粳稻协作攻关,选育出盐优57V、徐优3-2、六优1号、六优3-2等首批杂交粳稻组合,但由于没有建立健全的种子生产体系,这些组合未能在生产上发挥应有的作用。1996年以后,杂交中粳和杂交晚粳的选育,均取得了突破性进展。杂交中粳走出低谷,打破了多年徘徊不前的局面;杂交晚粳的品质改良取得重大突破;杂交粳稻繁殖制种技术取得较大进展。但目前江苏的杂交粳稻仍然存在增产优势不突出、抗性较差;不育系育性不稳定、杂种纯度差;制种产量低、种子成本高等问题。提出今后江苏杂交粳稻研究应主攻高异交率不育系和强恢复系选育、加强迟熟中粳型杂交粳稻新组合选育、进一步加强高产高效制种技术研究,提高制种产量,降低种子成本,使江苏省杂交粳稻研究和生产上一个新台阶。

Research on Japonica hybrid rice in Jiangsu Province began in the end of 1970s. From 1982 and 1983, cooperation researches on Japonica hybrid rice breeding in Eastern China and in South China were organized respectively. Some Japonica hybrid combinations such as Yanyou 57V, Xuyou 3-2, Liuyou 1, Liuyou 3-2 were firstly developed. However, because of the non-integrity of seed production system, these hybrids were not so popularized as they were. After 1996, breeding for japonica hybrids made a great breakthrough in both middle season and late season hybrids. The successful development of the middle season hybrids broken the wandering phase for years in japonica hybrid rice breeding. Grain quality was greatly improved in late season hybrids. And great progress was made in seed multiplication and seed production. However, problems such as not pronounced heteresis in grain yield, poor resistance to stripe virus disease, un-stabile of sterility for BT type CMS lines, poor purity of hybrid seeds, lower yield performance and higher cost in seed production, lacking of technological cultivation system still existed in Japonica hybrid rice breeding. In order to speed up the Japonica hybrid rice breeding in Jiangsu Province, more attention should be paid to the development of R lines with strong restoring ability and CMS lines with high outcross ability, breeding for new hybrids in middle season with late maturity and research on seed production technology for higher yield and lower cost.