关于我国苹果矮砧密植栽培的思考

Consideration for high density planting with dwarf rootstocks in apple in China

乔砧密植是目前我国苹果栽培的主要形式,但苹果乔砧密植存在许多问题,如单产低、果实品质差、费工、技术复杂推广难度大等;矮砧密植具有结果早、产量高、果实品质优良、省工、技术简化易推广等优点,因此应用矮砧密植是苹果发展的必然趋势;我国矮砧密植栽培实践中存在着矮砧选择不当、栽植过深、栽培技术不配套等问题,直接影响了矮砧效果的发挥。从苹果生长结果习性、我国苹果栽培区域的立地条件等方面探讨了应用矮化砧木的必要性及适合矮砧密植栽培的条件,针对当前矮化栽培中出现的一些问题,结合作者多年的实践,从育苗、建园、整形修剪等方面提出了苹果矮砧密植栽培的技术要点,并举出成功的实例。

High density planting with standard rootstocks has been the main growing form for apple in China. Such growing form brings many problems to the apple production,such as low yield per hectare,poor fruit quality,difficult extension for using some techniques and high cost for the fruit production. Practise both in domestic and abroad indicate that using dwarf rootstocks for high density planting has many advantages,such as early fruiting,high yield per hectare,top fruit quality,little cost,simple techniques and easy to extend. So it is the inevitable trend for apple production in China to use dwarf rootstocks for high density planting. Some problems had been found in apple production with dwarf rootstocks in the past years in China,including improper selection for dwarf rootstock,deep planting and unsuited techniques to the dwarf rootstocks. These limited the effect of dwarf rootstock. The necessary and available conditions of high density planting with dwarf rootstocks at present are discussed in this paper from the apple growth and bearing habit and climatic conditions of apple producing areas in China. Based on the authors growing apple experiences and some problems existed in the high density planting with dwarf rootstock,in this article some key techniques for high density planting of apple with dwarfing rootstocks are given,including raising planting materials,orchard establishment,and training and pruning. In addition,the successful examples for high density planting with dwarf rootstocks are introduced as well.