半干旱区全覆膜双垄沟播技术对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

Effect of double ridges mulched with wide plastic film on crop yield and water use efficiency in semi-arid areas

在黄土高原旱农耕作地上以春玉米为试验作物进行大田试验,研究不同覆膜模式即全膜双垄沟播(SL)、条膜起垄覆盖(TL)、条膜平铺覆盖(TP)全膜平铺覆盖(QP)和不覆膜的大田(CK)对土壤含水量、春玉米经济性状及产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:地膜覆盖能够增加播种行的土壤含水量,改善作物的经济性状,提高水分利用效率,显著增加籽粒及地上部分的生物量,其中SL集雨保墒效果最好.地膜覆盖播种的玉米产量均高于不覆膜播种,其中SL产量最高,达6 129.0kg.hm-2,籽粒产量从高到低依次为SL>QP>TL>TP>CK.全膜双垄沟播技术大幅度提高了玉米的水分利用效率,使玉米的水分利用效率达到28.95kg.hm-2.mm-1(以籽粒计算)和135.00kg.hm-2.mm-1(以地上生物量计算),比CK各增加915.8%和156.4%,比QP各增加44.03%和42.41%,比TL各增加73.87%和24.48%,比TP各增加42.96%和22.45%.覆膜(尤其是SL)改变了作物生长中后期的能量分配情况,使其将更多的能量用于生殖生长,从而获得较高的籽粒产量,籽粒相对产量(Gn/Bs)从高到低依次是SL>QP>TP>TL>CK,其中SL比CK高288.2%.

A field experiment was carried out on cultivated land of dry farming in the Loess Plateau and spring maize was used as an indicating crop to study the effects of different plastic film mulching patterns,double ridges mulched with wide plastic film and then planting maize in double furrows（SL）,wide plastic film mulching on the flat ground（QP）,only one ridge mulched with narrow plastic film（TL）,narrow plastic film mulching on the flat ground（TP） and non-mulching（CK）） on the soil moisture,on the economic traits and yield of spring maize and water use efficiency（WUE）.The results showed that plastic film mulching improved the soil moisture of sowing row,crop economic traits and the ratio of grain yield and biomass remarkably.Among them the treatment SL performed the best in rainwater harvesting and soil moisture keeping.The yield of spring maize with plastic film mulching were all higher than those of non-mulching treatment,and the yield of SL was 6 129.0 kg·h^m-2 which was the highest.The order of grain yield from high to low was SL〉QP〉TP〉TL〉CK.The technology of double ridges mulched with wide plastic film greatly improved the spring maize＇s water use efficiency which came to 28.95 kg·hm^2·mm^-1（counted with grain）and 135 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1（counted with biomass）,which were 915.8 % and 156.4 % greater than CK,44.03 % and 42.41 % greater than QP,73.87 % and 24.48 % greater than TL,42.96 % and 22.45 % greater than TP,respectively.Film mulching（especially SL）changed the energy distribution during the middle-later period of crop growing,more energy was given to reproductive growth and higher grain yields were get accordingly.The relative grain yield（Gn/Bs value） of SL was 288.2 % greater than CK,and the order of the relative grain yield（Gn/Bs value） from high to low was SL〉QP〉TP〉TL〉CK.