5Ouyang Q, Tandon R, Goh KL, et al. The emergence of inflammatory bowel disease in the Asian Pacific region. Curr Opin Gastroenterol,2005: 21:408-413.
6Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, et al. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, con sensus, and implications. Gut, 2006, 55:749-753.
7Zheng JJ. Clinical aspects of ulcerative colitis in China's Mainland. Chin J Dig Dis, 2006, 7:71-75.
8Hanauer SB, Sandborn W, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Management of Crohn's disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol, 2001, 96: 635- 643.
9Stange EF, Travis SP, Vermeire S, et al. European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: definitions and diagnosis. Gut, 2006, 55 Suppl 1:i1- i15.
10Carter MJ, Lobo AJ, Travis SP. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut, 2004, 53 Suppl 5: Ⅴ1-Ⅴ16.
2Nikolaus S, Schreiber S. Diagnostics of inflammatory bowel dis ease. Gastroenterology, 2007, 133:1670.
3Van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, et al. Oral cortico steroids and fracture risk: relationship to daily and cumulative doses. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2000, 39: 1383.
4Lafage-Proust MH, Boudignon B, Thomas T. Glucocorticoid-in duced osteoporosis: pathophysiological data and recent treat- ments. Joint Bone Spine, 2003, 70:109.
5Humphrey EL, Williams JH, Davie MW, et al. Effects of disso- ciated glucocorticoids on OPG and RANKL in osteoblastic cells. Bone, 2006, 38:652.
6Bischoff SC, Herrmann A, Goke M, et al. Altered bone metab- olism in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol, 1997, 92:1157.
7Leonard MB. Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis in children: impact of the underlying disease. Pediatrics, 2007, 119:S166.
8Rall LC, Roubenoff R. Rheumatoid cachexia: metabolic abnor- malities, mechanisms and interventions. Rheumatology (Ox ford), 2004, 43: 1219.
9Szulc P, Meunier PJ. Is vitamin K deficiency a risk factor for os- teoporosis in Crohn's disease? Lancet, 2001, 357 : 1995.
10Grossman JM, Gordon R. Ranganath VK, et al. American col lege of rheumatology 2010 recomn,endations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care & Research, 2010, 62:1515.