论中国古代城市管理制度的演变和建制城市的形成

A Study on the Evolution of Urban Management System and the Formation of Organized Urbans in Ancient China

城市是人类文明的重要载体,积淀了在社会历史发展从初级到较高阶段人类创造的大量物质财富和精神财富,包括城市选址、城市规划、建设和管理。随着城市规模扩大,城市管理制度逐渐演变,形成城市专门行政管理机构,这就是宋代都城的都厢、辽金元都城的警巡院及地方城市的录事司、司候司与明清北京的五城等建制城市。建制城市拥有明确的行政界线和专门行政管理机构,并实行独立行政管理,是发展到一定历史阶段的产物;同时形成拥有不同职能地位、不同等级规模、名称不同的古代建制城市体系,与州县行政建制平行隶属于上一级行政建制,与今天建制城市有某种相似性,值得学界关注和研究。

The city is an important carrier of human civilizations and has accumulated plentiful of both material and spiritual treasures created by mankind of higher social development periods,including site selection,urban planning,construction and management.With the population growing,the urban management system was improved gradually to form specialized agencies for urban administration,such as the Duxiang(都厢) in the capitals of Song Dynasty,Jingxunyuan(警巡院) in the capitals and Lushisi(录事司),Sihousi(司候司) in the local cities of Liao,Jin and Yuan dynasties and Five Districts(五城) in Beijing during the Ming and Qingdynasties.Organized cities have clear administrative demarcations and special administrative organs,which is the inevitable outcome.This is an essential topic which deserves attentions and researches.Organized city was the inevitable outcome after a longhistory,which had definite administrative lines,specific administrative management organ and implement independent administrative management;it also formed the ancient city organizational system with different functional position,diversity level scale and variety names,which was subordinated to the next higher level administrative system with prefecture and county.Because historical organized cities have the comparability with present organized cities,they should be focused and researched.