氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

Effects of N,P,K Fertilizer Application on Grain Yield,Quality,Nutrient Uptake and Utilization of Rice

采用"3414"不完全正交回归设计,在大田试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响,并探讨了3种肥料间的互作效应。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥的施用均可以显著提高水稻产量,且3种肥料配施的增产效果显著优于任两种肥料配施。氮、磷、钾肥的施用可以改善部分米质性状,如提高整精米率,降低垩白度、稻谷长宽比和精米直链淀粉含量;氮、磷肥的施用还可提高糙米蛋白质含量,降低青米率。施用氮、磷、钾肥后,水稻养分总吸收量和每100kg籽粒养分需求量显著增加,而养分干物质生产效率和养分稻谷生产效率显著下降,且3种肥料的吸收利用率、农学利用率及生理利用率均随施肥量的增加而下降。氮、磷、钾肥两两互作对水稻产量均有极显著的影响,当肥料用量处于低中水平时,互作效应均表现为协同促进作用,肥料用量超过一定水平后则表现为拮抗作用。对水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收影响最大的交互作用分别是氮钾、氮磷和磷钾互作。总体来看,肥料对水稻生长的影响是多方面的,肥料用量及配比应在综合考虑水稻产量、品质及肥料利用率的基础上确定。

Based on the ＂3414＂ fertilizer experimental design,the effects of N,P and K fertilizer application on grain yield,grain quality as well as nutrient uptake and utilization of rice were researched to elucidate the interactive effects among N,P and K in a field experiment with four levels of nitrogen（N）,phosphorus（P） and potassium（K） fertilizers.The results showed that the application of N,P and K significantly increased grain yield,and the highest yield was found under the joint application of N,P and K fertilizer.The application of fertilizer also improved rice quality markedly.For example,head rice rate was increased and chalkiness degree,length-width ratio of grain and amylose content of milled rice were decreased due to the application of N,P and K.And,the application of N and P increased protein content of brown rice and decreased green rice rate.The application of N,P and K fertilizer increased total nutrient（show as N,P2O5,K2O） accumulation and nutrient Absorption per 100-kg seeds,but reduced nutrient dry matter production efficiency and nutrient grain production efficiency.Meanwhile,fertilizer recovery efficiency,agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency always declined with the increasing N,P and K application rate.Grain yield was significantly influenced by the interaction between N and P,N and K,P and K,respectively,and the interactions were synergistic when fertilizers application rates were at lower or moderate levels,otherwise they were antagonistic.The most significant interactive effect on total N,P2O5 and K2O accumulation was between N and K,N and P,P and K,respectively.It is concluded that the influence of fertilizer on rice growth was various,which means that fertilizers application rate and ratio should be established with an integrated consideration of several factors including grain yield,grain quality and nutrient uptake,utilization efficiency.