北京市城市降雨径流水质评价研究

Research on Evaluation of Water Quality of Beijing Urban Stormwater Runoff

选取北京市城市天然雨水与3个不同下垫面(屋面、单位内部道路和环路干道道路)的降雨径流为研究对象,在2010年7～10月期间,测定了8场降雨中的13个理化指标,并采用灰色关联分析和主成分分析方法进行水质综合评价和污染物来源分析.结果表明,环路干道径流的综合水质最差,其他依次为屋面径流、单位内部道路径流和天然雨水,其中环路干道径流综合水质超出国家地表水Ⅴ类水质标准,天然雨水、单位内部道路径流和屋面径流综合水质满足国家地表水Ⅱ类水质标准;天然雨水与各下垫面降雨径流的主要污染物为氮,其中TN和NH4+-N平均浓度为5.49～11.75 mg.L-1和2.90～5.67 mg.L-1;环路干道径流中第一类污染物为P、SS和有机污染物,其主要来源为车辆轮胎和路面材质的磨损;第二类污染物为N和溶解态重金属,其主要来源为车辆尾气和大气干湿沉降.本研究结果可以为城市雨水水质评价、城市面源污染控制和雨水回收利用提供科学依据.

The natural rainwater and stormwater runoff samples from three underlying surfaces （rooftop, campus road and ring road） were sampled and analyzed from July to October, 2010 in Beijing. Eight rainfall events were collected totally and thirteen water quality parameters were measured in each event. Grey relationship analysis and principal component analysis were applied to assess composite water quality and identify the main pollution sources of stormwater runoff. The results show that the composite water quality of ring road runoff is mostly polluted, and then is rooftop runoff, campus road runoff and rainwater, respectively. The composite water quality of ring road runoff is inferior toⅤ class of surface water, while rooftop runoff, campus road runoff and rainwater are in Ⅱclass of surface water. The mean concentration of TN and NH4＋-N in rainwater and runoff is 5.49-11.75 mg·L-1 and 2.90-5.67 mg·L-1, respectively, indicating that rainwater and runoff are polluted by nitrogen （N）. Two potential pollution sources are identified in ring road runoff： 1 P, SS and organic pollutant are possibly related to debris which is from vehicle tyre and material of ring road; 2 N and dissolved metal have relations with automobile exhaust emissions and bulk deposition.