“夷”与“满汉”:晚清民族主义起源探微

"Yi" and "Man-han":Exploration of the Origin of Nationalism in late Qing Dynasty

清初,满洲皇帝通过建构"满洲共同体",消解了传统的"夷夏之辨"。鸦片战争期间,"外夷"入侵又冲击了清前期判别"夷""夏"的准则和"夷夏之辨"的内涵,同时也进一步加剧了"夷夏之辨"模式认知"世界"的危机。第二次鸦片战争期间,"夷"被以条约的形式禁止,阻塞了传统"夷夏之辨"对西方列强的认识。不过"夷"在晚清的运行轨迹却因为这种阻塞发生了转变:指称更加明晰,内涵趋于僵化。清末满汉之争日趋激烈,"夷"又转为"满洲"的象征符号,"夷夏之辨"再起并与西方传入近代民族主义相"会通",形成"外拒白种,内覆满洲"的民族主义。"夷"之地位与内涵的转换是晚清民族主义内涵多歧的重要原因。

In the early Qing Dynasty,Manchu emperor relieved the traditional＂Yi Xia Distinction＂through the construction of＂Manchuria Community＂.During the Opium War,＂barbarians＂invasion changed the meaning of the＂Yi Xia Distinction＂and the criteria for discrimination＂barbarians＂and＂Chinese＂which formed in early Qing Dynasty,but alsoexacerbated the crisis of＂Yi Xia Distinction＂model to understand the＂World＂.During the Second Opium War,＂Yi＂was banned in treaty form,blocked the traditional＂Yi Xia Distinction＂to understand the Western powers.However,the significance of＂Yi＂was transformed in the late Qing Dynasty：Its alleged object became more clear,and the meaning became more rigid.＂Yi＂was translated into a symbol of ＂Manchu＂,＂Yi Xia Distinction＂mixed Western nationalism,and formed the new nationalism that＂rejecting white aggression,overthrowing the Manchu’s rule.＂The conversion of status and content of＂Yi＂is important reason which led to a variety of differences of nationalism in late Qing Dynasty.