近代江南地区化肥和有机肥使用变化研究

On the Application Changes of Chemical Fertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in Southeast China in Modern Times

化肥作为西方农学的主要标志物,20世纪初进入中国,二三十年代在江南以及沿海省份的施用量逐渐增加,但始终处于试验及推广阶段,未能在农业生产中普遍应用。有机肥(农家肥)是中国的传统肥料,近代江南的肥料施用始终以有机肥为主体,农学家还借助西方实验科学手段研究有机肥积制及施用问题,化肥传入对当地农业生产的影响有限。外来的化肥与本土的有机肥各有优劣,化肥的销售、施用与推广,以及化肥与有机肥的配合使用等问题,引发相关农学家及管理者的关注、争论和试验研究,并逐步改变了江南地区传统的肥料观念和施肥方式,人们总结出以有机肥为主、化肥为辅的一套施肥经验。近代江南地区化肥与有机肥的应用、推广和研究的变化,从一个侧面反映出中西方农学交汇的艰难过程和历史特点,对当今倡导化肥的合理使用和有机肥的回归具有一定参考价值。

Chemical fertilizer as the main marker of Western agriculture was first introduced to China in the early 20th century. During the 1920s and 1930s, its application gradually increased in the south and the coastal provinces, but was still in the experimental and promotion stage and couldn＇t be widely used in the agricultural production. Organic fertilizer （manure） is China＇s traditional fertilizer. In modern times, organic fertilizer was still the main fertilizer used in south-eastern China. Moreover, agronomists began to study the production and application of organic fertilizers by means of Western experimental science. As a result, chemical fertilizer had limited influence on the local agricultural production. Foreign fertilizer and domestic organic fertilizer have their own advantages and disadvantages. The sales, application and promotion of chemical fertilizer as well as the combination of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer had triggered the theoretical consideration, argument and experimental research from agronomists and agricultural which gradually changed the concept of traditional fertilizer and fertilization methods in South-East managers, China. Aset of experiences has been summarized, that was, mainly using the organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer. The changes in the application, extension and study of Chemical and organic fertilizer in South-eastern regions reflect the difficulties and historical characteristics in the intersection process of West and China agriculture and have certain referential values for today＇ s advocacy of rational use of chemical fer- tilizes and reusing organic fertilizer.