不同播期夏玉米产量性能动态指标及其生态效应

Dynamic Characteristics of Summer Maize Yield Performance in Different Planting Dates and Its Effect of Ecological Factors

【目的】黄淮海区域不同播期玉米生态因子存在较大差异,光、温、水等生态因子对玉米高产具有重要影响。明确该区域光、温、水等生态因子与玉米产量性能参数的内在关系,可以为该区域玉米高产的实现提供有益的借鉴。【方法】选用早、中、晚3类不同熟期的玉米品种(益农103、先玉335、郑单958和登海661)为材料,设早播(5/3)、中播(5/28)、晚播(6/22)3个播期和4个种植密度(4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0万株/hm2),测定叶面积指数、籽粒产量及其产量构成等指标和记录生育期及田间生态因子。【结果】(1)品种间产量表现为先玉335>郑单958>登海661>益农103;播期间产量表现为早播>中播>晚播。(2)生态因子对不同玉米产量性能指标的影响作用不同,吐丝后有效积温主要影响平均叶面积指数和平均净同化率,生育期日均温主要影响生长天数;降雨量和日照时数主要影响穗粒数和千粒重;生态因子与玉米产量的相关系数大小依次为,生育期有效积温(0.64**)、吐丝后有效积温(0.55**)、吐丝后日均温度(0.51**)、生育期日均温度(-0.49*)、吐丝后降雨量(-0.47*)及吐丝后日照时数(0.42*);对生态因子与产量进行回归分析,表明生育期有效积温和吐丝后期有效积温对玉米产量的影响最大。【结论】黄淮海区域作物是一年两熟,该区域玉米产量提升的有效途径可通过适期早播、选用中熟品种,增加吐丝后期的有效积温,以保证玉米生育后期充足的有效积温和籽粒充足的灌浆时间。

【Objective】Ecological factors play an important role in maize yield.In order to clarify the relationship between light,temperature,water in the growing period and yield performance of maize,provide a reference to the high yield of maize in the North China Plain.【Method】 Three types of cultivars（YN 103,XY335,ZD 958 and DH 661） were used as materials,and three sowing dates（May 3rd,May 28th,and June 22nd） and four density treatments（45 000,60 000,75 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2） were designed.The dynamic of leaf area index,grain yield were measured and the growing period and ecological factors were recorded.【Result】 Yield showed an order of XY335ZD958 DH661YN103,early sowing datemedium sowing date late sowing date.Ecological factors had a regulatory effect on yield and yield performance indexes,effective temperature after silking affected the average leaf area index and mean net assimilation rate,daily average temperature affected the growth days and harvest index,total rainfall and sunshine hours affected grains number per spike and grain weight.Effective temperature of whole growth period,especially after silking was the most important ecological factors affecting grain yield.The order of correlation coefficient was that,the effective temperature of whole growth period（0.64＊＊）,the effective temperature after silking（0.55＊＊）,the daily average temperature after silking（0.51＊＊）,the daily average temperature of whole growth period（-0.49＊）,the rainfall after silking（-0.47＊）,the sunshine and silking（0.42＊）.The effective temperature was the main effective factor on yield.【Conclusion】 Two-crop a year system is practiced in Huanghuaihai area,so medium maturing cultivars,such as ZD 958,should be selected,optimum early sowing should be practiced to ensure adequate and effective accumulated temperature of grain sufficient filling time for further enhancing corn yield in this area.