多民族地区旅游发展对当地族群关系的影响——以川滇泸沽湖地区为例

Impacts of Tourism Development on Ethnic Relations in Regions Inhabited by Multiple Ethnic Groups——A Case Study at Lugu Lake Area on Sichuan and Yunnan Borders

文章考察地处四川和云南之间泸沽湖地区旅游的发展及其对当地族群关系的影响。以观察、访谈和问卷的方式,研究小组收集当地人对旅游开发后泸沽湖地区族群关系互动的认识。研究发现,旅游的发展促进了该地区族群间的交流和融合,强化了当地居民(特别是摩梭人)的族群认同。但旅游开发并没有完全消除当地族群间存在的偏见和歧视,旅游发展带来的对传统文化的冲击、族群意识的加强、市场经济的竞争和贫富差距的增大,都影响当地族群关系的健康发展。文章建议,在多民族地区旅游开发中,推行参与式开发和包容性增长的策略。

In Lugu Lake area on Sichuan and Yunnan borders, there have lived people of Mosuo, Pumi, Tibetan, Han, Naxi, Lisu, Mongolia, Yi, Chuang, Bai, Miao and other ethnic groups for hundreds of years. This paper investigates the development of tourism in this area and its impacts on local ethnic relations. Milton M. Gordon＇ s seven variables for examining ethnic relations, namely, culture, social interaction, intermarriage, ethnic identity, prejudice, discrimination and power distribution, and Herbert S. Yee＇ s approach in studying Uygur-Han relations in Xinjiang, China, which focuses on degree of integration, ethnic identity, mutual trust or distrust, and attitude toward national minority policy, were adopted in this study. From 2009 to 2011, the multi-disciplinary research team, through observation, interview and survey, collected opinions of local people on the dynamics of ethnic relations at Lugu Lake after tourism was developed. Tourism started at Luga Lake in the late 1980s. Major tourist attractions are beautiful lake view, unique Mosuo matrilineal culture, and customs of walking marriage. From 1989 to 2004, tourism development was run by local villagers themselves. From 2004 to today, tourism development at Luga Lake is sponsored by the government. The villager-controlled development ended up in chaos, pollution and competition between and inside ethnics groups. The government-sponsored development has brought in large amount of capital used in building infrastructure, environment protection facilities, and modern hotels. As a result, tourism has become the backbone industry at Lugu Lake. Lugu Lake area has experienced tremendous social, economic and culture change. With regard to ethnic relationship, the research team found that the development of tourism has promoted the communication and integration among the local ethnic groups and has enhanced local people＇ s, especially Mosuo＇s ethnic identity. However, tourism has not eliminated prejudice and discrimination that have existed between the local ethnic groups. Its development has led to the decline of some important traditional cultural values, and the rise of using ethnic identity for ethnic benefits. Competition of market economy has increased the gap between the rich and the poor. All these have negative impacts on the local ethnic relations and might cause conflicts among ethnic groups, disrupting social stability, and creating new social problems. How to coordinate the development of tourism and the ethnic relations in an area inhabited by multiple ethnic groups？ This paper suggests that the strategies of participatory development and inclusive growth should be adopted. Tourism projects should encourage voluntary participation of all ethnic groups involved, who should be regarded as stakeholders to benefit from the projects. The theory of inclusive growth requires the government to develop tourism in non-Mosuo villages at Lugu Lake area while going all out to promote Mosuo cultural tourism. It can enable all ethnic groups to benefit from tourism development, thus reducing the gap between rich groups and poor groups. It can also help to maintain cultural pluralism at Luga Lake area that has lasts for hundreds of years and provide tourists with more visiting places in addition to Mosuo villages, thus attracting more tourists.