民法典起草实用主义思路下的“债法总则”立法模式研究

A Research on the Legislative Mode of the “General Principles of Obligation Law” under the Pragmatic Thought of the Drafting of Civil Code

中国第四次民法典起草的最后阶段应该采用实用主义思路。取消"债"的概念在立法和实务上均不具有可能性,未来民法典必须规定债法一般性规则。应该采取小而简的"债法总则"内容主体模式,规定债的四种主要发生原因和民事责任竞合规则;以连带责任取代连带债务,并规定统一的分摊请求权与追偿请求权;集中列举非损害赔偿责任方式;不规定债的优先性规则。实质意义上的"债法总则"不一定需要通过形式意义上的"债法总则"来实现立法。"三分债编"模式不具有立法可能性。应该注重立法程序对民法典起草的影响,建议将《民法通则》第五章与第六章未被现行法取代部分合并为"债与责任"章,并以此作为未来法典化的基础。

Pragmatism should be introduced to the last phase of formulating the fourth draft of Civil Code in China. Since it＇ s impossible to abolish the concept of ＂obligation＂ in both legislation and practice, the future Civil Code should provide general rules of obligation law. A brief and concise version of ＂General Principle of Obligation Law＂ should be adopted, defining the four main causes of obligation and the rules for civil liability concurrence; joint and several liability should substitute joint and several obligation, and the uniform right of contribution and right of indemnity should be provided ; liabilities for non-damage compensation should be listed ; and rules of priority for obligation should not be included. It is important to note that the legislation of ＂General Principles of Obligation Law＂ should focus on its substance rather than its form, and the ＂Trisection of Obligation Law＂ mode does not have the legislation possibility. This paper, taking into account the impact of legislative process on the drafting of Chapter VI of the General Principles of Civil Civil Code, suggests that the remaining Law be integrated into a new chapter of parts of Chapter V and ＂Obligation and Liability＂ as a foundation for the future codification.