江苏龙虬庄新石器遗址环境考古研究

ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE LONGQIUZHUANG NEOLITHIC SITE, GAOYOU, JIANGSU PROVINCE

龙虬庄新石器文化遗址被列为 1993年中国十大考古发现之一 .根据1 4 C测年、器物排比法断代、孢粉、粒度、氧化物和磁化率等鉴定分析 ,探讨了遗址区古先民生存的环境 .分析表明 ,龙虬庄地区在经历新仙女木寒冷期之后迎来了全新世暖期环境 ,10 0 0 0～ 70 0 0aBP间气候进入适宜期 ,但当时湿润程度尚不及此后 70 0 0～ 6 0 0 0aBP间的新石器时期 ,当时冬春季节应当有较大的风沙沉积 .6 30 0aBP前后的气温可能更高一些 ,只是在 550 0aBP前后区内气候和环境才逐渐转为干凉 .此项研究表明晚北方期 (82 0 0± 12 6 )aBP ,当南京江北地区处于湿热气候并经历洪水沉积环境时 ,纬度偏北约 54km的龙虬庄地区亦已具备人类生存的适宜环境 .

The Longqiuzhuang Neolithic cultural site of Jiangsu Province is listed as one of the ten most important Chinese archaeological discoveries in 1993. Through identification and analyses of 14 C dating, cultural relic comparison, sporapollen, granularity, oxide, and susceptibility, the authors discuss the prehistoric human living environment in the region. The study illustrates that the Longqiuzhuang region experienced Holocene warm environment after the Younger Dryas. The climate is a thermal maximum during the period from 10?000?aBP to 7?000?aBP, when no prehistoric human lived here, but the Castanopsis, Castanea, Cyclobalanopsis, Quercus, Pterocarya, Pinus, Typha, Gramineae, Artemisia and Polygonaceae have grown and formed a landscape in the area with evergreen broad leaved and deciduous broad leaved mixed forest as well as grass land. Typha and aquatic herb grew in marsh or beside water. Facts above demonstrate that a suitable human ecological environment had been formed there then. In the stratum of that time, the sample No. C9 has more sporapollen, i.e. Artemisia 112, Typha 60, Gramineae 55. On the other hand, both thermophilous Lygodium and susceptibility high value show a humid hot climate . But the sedimentary characteristics reveal the tene with yellow silt mainly consisted of aeolian sediments. It means that the humid level of that time was lower than that of the Neolithic Age between 7?000?aBP and 6?000?aBP. There should exist windblown sand to deposit in winter and spring at that time on a larger scale. It is the first discovery for windblown sand deposits, which demonstrates an early Holocene humid hot environment in the north Jiangsu Province and the Yangtze Delta. During the period from 7?000?aBP to 6?000?aBP, the study region was still of the landscape of evergreen broad leaved and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest as well as grassland. Nevertheless, the humid level is added. The layer No.5 and No.8 in the site, for example, a large number of aquatic Ceratopteris, Typha, Trapa, Nymphoides and polypodiaceae can verify above conclusion. In the layer No.4 and No.8 of the site, a large number of carbonized rice, skeleton of Lamellibranchiata, Lamprotula sp., Corbicula sp., Gastropoda, Cipangopaludina chinensis, Cyprinuscurpio, Mylopharyngodon picens, Chinemys reevrsii, Amyda sinensis, Sus domestica L., Canis familiaris L., Elaphurus davidianus M-ED, Cervus nippon Jemminck, Hydrotes inermis and Muntiacus reevsii also prove the multi limnetic paleo environment. The prehistoric human beings lived on land near rivers or lakes and relied on hunting, fishing, breeding domestic animals and growing rice for making a living. The high susceptibility value in the sample of layer No.6 shows that the climate perhaps experienced a high temperature period at 6?300?aBP. Merely the climate transformed gradually into arid and cool at 5?500?aBP or so. The evidence is that the layer No.4 in the site has only 12 sporapollen totally with 2 Pinus and 6 kinds of herb. After 5?500?aBP, the site mainly experienced the cold period of Shang and Zhou Dynasty (3?900?aBP 77 BC)the warm humid high sea level period of Tang and Song Dynasty (AD618 1279) and cold Little Ice Age environment of Ming and Qing Dynasty (AD1368 1911). Though the stratum of the site after 5?500?aBP is disturbed obviously by human activities, perennial study results from archaeology and geo science have confirmed the truth. It should be poined out that the discovery of abundant sporapollen which indicates a subtropic humid hot environment but in sedimentology indicates a genesis of windblown sand for studying environmental evolution and human civilization origin in east China. The discovery illustrates that at (8?200±126)?aBP of Late boreal phase, when north bank of the Yangtze River of Nanjing area experienced a paleo flood environment of humid hot climate, Longqiuzhuang region whose latitude was 54?km away from Nanjing by north also possessed a