超新星宇宙学的观测与研究进展

Supernova Cosmology:Observations and Progress

超新星在宇宙学研究中起着重要的作用,2011年的诺贝尔物理学奖就颁给了利用Ia型超新星为探针发现宇宙加速膨胀的天文学家。首先,通过详细介绍超新星宇宙学研究的物理原理和发现宇宙加速膨胀的观测与研究,讨论了宇宙加速膨胀发现过程给予当前研究工作的启示。然后,回顾超新星宇宙学研究在近10多年来的进展和主要成果,分析了当前所面临的主要问题与挑战。最后,对国内外超新星宇宙学研究中超新星观测研究的大型项目情况进行了全面回顾与介绍,讨论和展望了超新星宇宙学研究工作的方向。

Supernova Ia serving as a standard candle, plays an important role in the cosmological probes. Along this line, the pioneer studies which discovered the accelerating expansion of the Universe, won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. In this paper, we give a detailed review on this topic including the histories, recent progresses and future prospects as well as the related studies in China. We first present the cosmological principles that are related to the expansion of the Universe and the role of Supernova Ia as a standard candle in probing this expansion. The pioneer observational studies carried out by the Supernova Cosmology Project and High-z Supernova Search Team, which won the Nobel Prize are then reviewed in detail. After these, we outline the recent progresses, especially the various supernova search projects from local universe to high redshift, such as the CfA, SNFactory, PTF, panStarrs, SDSS, Essence, SNLS and HST. These projects reveal similar conclusions about the acceler- ating expansion of the Universe, while as expected with higher precisions. The up-to-dated sample of Union 2.1 is introduced and the related constraints are discussed as well. Apart from these, we also give a brief introduction to the related investigations and projects being or to be carried out in China. And finally short discussions about the future prospects about the supernova cosmology are presented.