中国动物园白鹤圈养种群统计学与遗传学分析

Demography and Genetics of Captive Grus leucogeranus Population in Chinese Zoos

根据《圈养白鹤中国地区谱系簿2012》提供的数据,应用种群管理软件SPARKSv1.6和PMxv1.0对中国动物园白鹤圈养种群进行统计学和遗传学分析。结果显示该种群面临着许多困难,未知性别比例过高(截止到2012年10月31日,中国动物园白鹤圈养种群数量达到92只,其中雄性24只,雌性29只,未知性别39只)、年龄结构不合理(育龄个体数量充足,但幼龄个体数量仅有14只,约占现存种群的15.22%)、基因多样性丢失快(野外来源个体数量较多,达到58只,约占总数的63.04%,但是实际参与繁殖的奠基者仅有7只;该群体中某些奠基者的后代数量较多,种群平均亲缘关系值MK=0.15,从而导致现有种群只保留了野生个体85.25%的基因多样性)、种群数量增长乏力(2006～2012年种群的平均增长率λ=0.98)。因此,为了建立一个健康的白鹤圈养种群,应尽快开展性别鉴定工作,改善饲养环境条件,减少创伤引发的死亡,同时采用各种技术(如人工授精)增加潜在奠基者的繁殖机会,从而尽快扩大种群数量,并减少后代过多个体奠基者的繁殖机会。

According to the 2012 Chinese regional studbook of Siberian crane （Grus leucogeranus ） , population manage- ment software SPARKS vl. 6 and PMx vl. 0 were used to make a demographic and genetic analysis of the captive population of Siberian crane in Chinese zoos. The results showed that the Siberian crane population is facing many difficulties, for ex- ample： high proportion of sex unknown individuals （by the end of October 31,2012, there are 24 male, 29 female and 39 sex unknown Siberian cranes in Chinese zoos） ; unreasonable age structure （ although there are sufficient number of breeding age individuals, only 15.22% juveniles of the total） ; quickly decreased gene diversity （63.04% individuals are wild caught, only seven act as actual founders which are involved in the reproduction. The mean kinship （MK） of descendants of some founders is 0.15, thus the existing population only retained 85.25% gene diversity of wild individuals） ; weak popula- tion growth （average population growth rate during 2006 to 2012 is 0.98 ）. Therefore, in order to build a healthy captive Si- berian crane population, sex identification should be carried out as soon as possible, and breeding environment condition should be improved to reduce wound caused deaths. In the meantime, a variety of techniques （ such as artificial insemina- tion） should be conducted to explore more potential founders and reduce the breeding opportunities of close relative.