论我国少数民族非物质文化遗产知识产权保护之制度构建

The System Construction of Intellectual Property Protection of Chinese Minority's Intangible Cultural Heritage

非物质文化遗产知识产权保护是后TRIPS协议时代知识产权制度变革与发展的主要问题之一。在知识产权视野下,非遗可以类型化为民间文艺、传统知识、传统设计、传统名号、遗传资源五种。上述五种非遗,均存在着消极和积极知识产权性质的利益。不同的知识产权利益与现行知识产权法存在不同的容斥关系。现行知识产权法可以为非遗提供极为有限的知识产权保护。要较好地保护非遗知识产权,必须进行知识产权制度创新。对制度创新的立法思路,较好的选择是,参照著作权法,制定"民间文艺保护条例";参照专利法,制定"传统知识和传统设计保护条例";参照商标法等商业标志法,制定"传统名号保护条例";整合《生物多样性公约》等有关国际条约的相关规定,制定"遗传资源知识产权保护条例"或者按照《生物多样性公约》思路制定生物资源综合性保护法。

Intangible cultural property and intellectual property rights are one of main problems in the change and development of intellectual property systems after TRIPS. In the view of intellectual property rights,intangible cultural property may be sorted with expressions of folklore,traditional knowledge,traditional designs,traditional names and symbols,genetic resources. There are negative and positive intellectual properties in five sorts of intangible cultural property above. There are different relation of inclusion and exclusion between different intangible cultural property and the existing intellectual property law. The existing intellectual property law can protect intangible cultural property's intellectual property rights at a extreme limited existent. We must improve the existing intellectual property law in order to protect intangible cultural property's intellectual property rights. About how to improve it,better choice is to draw up the regulation of expressions of folklore by imitating the copyright law,the regulation of traditional knowledge and traditional designs by imitating the patent law,the regulation of traditional names and symbols by imitating the business marks law such as trademark law,the regulation of genetic resources and intellectual property by integrating some relating international treaties such as CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY or formulating the law on the protection of biological resources by imitating CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.